Punishment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Punishment - Term Paper Example They can be fined, incarcerated or sentenced to death for the gravest offences in some countries such as the US, Japan, China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia among others. Corporal punishment is applied by teachers and parents in schools and in the family setting to encourage good behavior among children. The issue of punishment usually raises concerns in regard to the different understanding and application of punishment across different spheres in the society. Contentions arise in trying to determine the standards for determining the severity of a moral violation, and the punishment that fits it. This paper presents a critique of the moral principles that might be used to determine the match between moral violation and punishment. Hart postulated some elements that may be used to justify punishment. For example, he argues that the punishment has to be for an offence that is contrary to the set of laws in a particular state and also has to be enforced and undertaken by an authority that is defined by a legal system, which the offender is in breach of (qtd. in Sverdlik, 180). This indicates that the punishment should only be based on particular rules that have been set and therefore punishment for offences that are beyond the legally known rules is not justifiable. This argument leaves teachers and parents in a position whereby they are not justified in regard to the punishments that they give to children. They punish the children depending on their perception regarding what is right or wrong. The appropriateness of the punishment is usually not clear and the legality of punishments in schools as well as at home is disputable. The same case applies in the punishments meted out on individuals who engage in antis ocial behaviors in the society. For instance, mob justice is one of the punishments that the public resorts to after catching a suspected criminal. The punishment that

CLOUD COMPUTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

CLOUD COMPUTING - Essay Example However, the issue of cloud security is the main focus for the various cloud computing potential customers and it is also considered the major barrier to most of its widespread applications (Patrick, 2013). This research paper will focus on current research done on cloud security. The main focus of the paper will be to survey the popular cloud computing security models as well as the diverse parameters of cloud security which will involve virtualization, compliance, framework, risk management, dynamic access security, internet access security and access management. Introduction The biggest problem facing network computing and distributed systems is security. Cloud computing refers to internet computing and it is the latest concept that has the capability to increase an organization’s service delivery efficiency. The security models of cloud computing that are cloud multiple tenancy model of NIST, cloud risk accumulation model of CSA, Jerico forum’s cloud cube model and the mapping model of cloud, compliance and security are supported by the three cloud services models. Resources for cloud computing are scalable and dynamic .The representation of cloud computing is elaborated through three cloud computing service models which are platform as a service (PaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) (Patrick, 2013). The main aim of these cloud computing service models is to be able to provide the IT departments with focus on the various strategic projects as well as cutting down on the operational costs (Ritesh, Anant war& Swati, 2012). The cloud computing models are considered to have a variety of dimensions that are used to further worsen the security problem. The cloud computing model comprises of two main features which are elasticity and multi-tenancy. Elasticity depends on the presence of secure placement strategies andsecures service migration while multi-tenancy feature results to virtualization and thus the boundaries among different host services need to be improved. At present the available security strategies are only for the single cloud user and single cloud provider but if cloud computing in the future moves to a multiple provider environment security there will be a greater challenge in addressing the issue of security (Patrick, 2013). Users of cloud computing are able to access their database resources from the internet regardless of their location. It is quite clear that the use of cloud services is important and offers a lot of benefits to the user or the enterprise that has ad apted the new technology. Cloud computing can thus be regarded as a model that enables convenience on the demand network access to the shared computing resources. As stated by Amarnath et. al.2010 virtualization technology is used to optimize the performance of the application in a cost effective way but this technology can introduce some security risks. Therefore, cloud computing security plays a major role because the customers outsource computation tasks and data on cloud computing servers which are managed by cloud providers who cannot be trusted (Amarnath, 2010). Cloud computing has become popular as a result of many enterprise applications moving to the cloud platforms. However, the issue of security has become a major barrier point for cloud computing adoption. Based on a recent survey research conducted by the International Data Corporation almost 87.5% of the IT executives stated that security is a major challenge that must be dealt with in each cloud service. Therefore, th ere is need to come up with applications that will be used to curb the threats brought about by security by using some security

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Types and Effects

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Types and Effects Statistics shows that one out of six couples experienced the problem corresponding with infertility (Olmedo, Chilik and Kopelman, 173). Infertility can be considered a disease affecting more than 80 million people around the world consisting primarily of young population accounting to around 10-15% having problems on the ability to conceive and give live births (Hochschild, Schwarze and Alam, 2008). Considering these figures, infertility becomes one of the centers of attraction especially that many couples are becoming desperate to have a child. They would just take any chances in order to have a child after for so long time having sexual intercourse but then without contraception that takes place. There are many advanced ways nowadays in order to treat infertility or even defy its capacity for couples not to experience contraception. Embryo transfer is one. Then one of the most popular is in vitro fertilization which is a technique used by 53 countries around the world today, implying that the treatment is no longer experimental but safe to use (Ezra and Schenker, 127). Causes of Infertility The continuing many studies about infertility are clear indications that the discovery on what is really is it is still on the process of creating series of scientific investigations. One of these scientific investigations is in line with knowing the probable causes of infertility. It was hypothesized that it could be due to four factors such as delayed childbearing, problem on semen quality because of bad habits such as cigarette smoking and abusive alcohol intake, changes in sexual behavior and elimination of most taboos (Olmedo, Chilik and Kopelman, 173). It is because of these considered factors that studies on infertile couples are focused on ovulatory factor which is present to 20% of couples, utero-tubal peritoneal factor which is present to 30% of couples, then 40% of couples have together the two previous factors and 15% of couples can be diagnosed because of no alterations (Olmedo, Chilik and Kopelman, 173). Statistics on IVF Statistics shows the following figures regarding in vitro fertilization (Ezra and Schenker, 127). Since it started in 1985 to be used as infertility treatment, over 53,635 women were already treated which corresponds to around 34,316 babies born by 224,473 treatment cycles then next after it were 160,518 transfer cycles. With the resulting pregnancies, around 65% to 75% were able to come up with live births then the rest went to spontaneous abortions of around 26% and ectopic pregnancies of around 5.54%. The higher rates of preterm deliveries and perinatal mortality have been expounded by around 22% of multiple pregnancy rate which was higher than the normal population. It remained to around 2.25% of chromosomal aberrations and malformations as documented within the years and success rate for in vitro fertilization did not improve within the covered period during the survey. It was noted that the procedures were becoming much more reliable due to the scope of procedures included whic h became at some point, final steps in the diagnosis. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is part of the changes in infertility practice. It provided a right chance to study basic reproductive processes (Olmedo, Chilik and Kopelman, 173). The reason is that ART is an artificial means used in order to achieve pregnancy. In 2000, the United States reported 13.5% increase in reported cycles compared to the data presented in 1999 and overall success rate of 0.6% which represents 2.2% increase as compared to the result in 1999 (Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 1207). In 2006, Canada reported that with ART, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates continued to increase compared with the previous years, but only small rate decrease for multiple births (Gunby et al., 2189). Indicators for IVF (in vitro fertilization) Continuing studies about in vitro fertilization lead to significant findings of significant predictors for its success rate. Considering that sperm morphology is correlated with fertilization failure, then the sperm chromatin packaging was found to be significant indicator of in-vitro fertilization rates. The study of Esterhuizen et al. (657) found that sperm chromatin packaging was significantly correlated with in-vitro fertilization rates. Takahashi et al. (586) found that oocytes have great chance to be fertilized when follicles can make high concentrations of AMH in the follicular fluid. It is in this result that AMH was found to be a significant predictor for fertilization. It was found out that follicular volume can be the new indicator of oocyte maturity. The study of Fuentes et al. (616) found that SonoAVC when it comes to evaluation of stimulated ovaries can be reliable allowing further to establish new criteria for timing hCG administration on follicular volume estimation instead of the follicular size. From the result of the study of Sifer et al. (150), they found that glanula cells of humans and its resistance to apoptosis has the possibility to be associated in the success rate of IVF. There was an association between the declining of age of implanted embryo with the embryoà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s impaired growth rates (Hsu et al., 679). Based on the recent findings and investigations conducted about in vitro fertilization, the above results are just one of those showing significant indicators for the success rate of in vitro fertilization. The list goes on and on. So there are remarkable and significant indicators that can possibly be associated with IVF. Steps in the IVF Treatment Just prior to the actual IVF treatment, there are preliminary steps that need to be undergone by a patient who wants to undergo the procedure. The following are the least steps a patient who wants to undergo with IVF can possibly undergo (Falcone and Young, 93). Select infertility specialist Both partners who are involved in the treatment needs to undergo series of medical tests. Medical steps that need to be taken to address infertility needs to be considered Agreement with the infertility specialist about the chance a patient can have with IVF. IVF Techniques: The following are common IVF techniques that are commonly used to treat infertility among couples who are willing to take chances. Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) In Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) sperm is mechanically injected into the cytoplasm of an oocyte. This technique was applied initially in sea urchin, followed in mouse and hamster and was successful to humans in 1992 (Peas and Lois, 23). GIFT: Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer As the name implies, Gametic Intra-follopian Transfer (GIFT) is the direct transfer of human gametes, sperm and oocytes in the fallopian tube which was first successful in 1984 (Serhal and Overton, 256). The good thing about GIFT is that it mimics the natural process in which the gamete is restored in the fallopian tube. Z.I.F.T. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer Zygote intrafallopian transfer is an advanced form of gametic intrafallopian transfer. By using the gametic intra-fallopian transfer, the oocytes are harvested by transvaginal aspiration, fertilized in vitro and transfer in the fallopian tube (Schmidt and Kurjak, 85). Patients with tubal pathology cannot use zygote intrafallopian transfer as well as gametic intra-fallopian transfer (Schmidt and Kurjak, 85). T.E.T (Tubal Embryo Transfer) Tubal embryo transfer is the development of simple embryo transfer over the years. Tubal embryo transfer is part of the stage of embryogenesis transfer encompassed by zygote intrafallopina transfer in general (Allahbadia and Das, 182). P.R.O.S.T (Pronuclear Stage Transfer Just like the tubal embryo transfer, as a modification of embryo transfer, the pronuclear stage transfer is also part of the stage of embryogenesis transfer encompassed by zygote intrafallopian transfer in general (Allahbadia and Das, 182). Direct Intraperitoneal Insemination D.I.P.I In direct intraperitoneal insemination, the syringe with prepared sperm is punctured into the vaginal pouch leading to good consistency of result especially if after ovarian stimulation (Nieschlag, Behre and Nieschlag, 473). Peritoneal Occyte Sperm Transter P.O.S.T Peritoneal Occyte Sperm Transfer can be applied to women with bilateral tubal block. This procedure is an alternative to IVF. This procedure was described by Coulam et al in 1989 (Rao, 391). Direct Oocyte Sperm Transfer) D.O.S.T Another alternative to IVF is direct oocyte and sperm transfer. This can also be applied to women with bilateral tubal block. This procedure was first introduced by Craft et al. in 1982 and later in modified by Bucktt and Tan by simply having oocytes with sperm directly transferred to the uterine cavity (Rao, 392). Incubation of oocytes is done in this procedure and then followed by the actual insemination in the uterine cavity. Transuterine Fallopian Transfer) T.U.F.T Transuterine fallopian transfer is the actual placement of an embryo into the fallopian tube after IVF has been done. The procedure involves threading the tube through the uterus and placing the embryo into the fallopian tube (Blickstein and Keith, 47) Developing Embryos Embryos are formed specially because there was fertilization that took place. The fertilized egg will slowly develop into en embryo undergoing different stages. It took only 12 days in the uterus for the implantation of newly formed embryo, then it will start the development of organs within 50 days. In other words, the standard definition of embryo period is two months after fertilization (Ostnor, 3). Transferring Embryos Embryo transfer is as good as finding its failure and success. In particular, there is a great area of interest in knowing what makes embryo transfer a success or a failure. Various studies have been developed in order to find out the factors to optimize the success of embryo transfer. The study of Schoolcraft, Surrey and Gardner (863) suggested that avoidance of blood, mucus, bacterial contamination, excessive uterine contraction and trauma to the endometrium is having relationship with optimal pregnancy implantation rates after embryo transfer. More so, they also found out that unltrasonographic guidance and utilization of soft catheters will provide good chance of successful embryo transfer. Therefore, it is implied that it is important to look for factors that can be associated with embryo transfer especially on embryo implantation in maximizing IVF. The common method used in embryo transfer is transcervical intrauterine transfer. As mentioned earlier, the factors affecting its success are of great importance such as technical ability and training of personnel, catheter choice, value of a previous dummy transfer and any other factors to prevent damage of the uterine lining, bleeding and uterine contractions (Pasqualini and Quintans, 83). According to the study of Pasqualini and Quintans, the mentioned factors have negative effects on the pregnancy rates. In fact, the actual concern in embryo transfer is as much as possible eliminate or if not minimize multiple pregnancies and any unwanted side effects. Single embryo transfer and culture in the blastocyst stages are means commonly used to prevent multiple pregnancies. Techniques such as ultrasound-controlled transcervical intrauterine transfer and ultrasound-controlled transmyometrial transfer are of great interest since these are often used in order to properly and successfully i mplement embryo transfer. However there are also more invasive procedures that need to be taken consideration in embryo transfer such as the following: gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intra-Fallopian transfer (ZIFT), pronuclear stage transfer and embryo intra-Fallopian transfer (EIFT). These techniques are commonly used when the need to use of alternative assisted reproductive technologies cannot be substantially catered by laboratories. However in todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s highly refined laboratories, alternative assisted reproductive technologies such as direct intra-follicular insemination, fallopian spermatic perfusion and peritoneal stage and sperm transfer and intra vaginal culture can highly be performed even with high precision. Positive and Negative Effects of IVF Treatment As mentioned earlier, IVF has already gained wider scope of acceptance in the field of medicine. However, such acceptance needs to be considered even more especially on finding the positive and negative effects of IVF treatment. Even though there is a chance for successful conception with IVF treatment, it still remains a challenge today considering that not everyone has the same level of bodily response to the treatment. There are many things that need to be considered in detail. This detail can somehow be significant factor that will slowly give more meaningful improvement in the treatment. For instance, the ovarian stimulation is said to be very important especially in the assisted reproductive technologies (Ubaldi et al. 235). The ovarian stimulation is said to be associated with several factors as far as its reduction is concerned. When it is reduced, the mutltifollicular growth will live to be a great challenge and it continues to be the most frequent aetilogical factor. Thus, it remains a challenge when it comes to predicting ovarian response. This is just one of the important considerations with respect to obtaining successful IVF treatment. The negative thing about it is that there is no enough assurance for everyone that it can be successful. Thus, there is a continuing area for the body of knowledge covering the issues about the success and failure of IVF treatment. Another thing, with IVF those couples who have been psychologically depressed and at the same time so determined to have an offspring are most likely to feel discomfort the moment procedure or treatment fails. This is a common scenario. However, there are also some couples who have been so determined and it would be enough for them knowing they still have chance with IVF. This is comforting on their side at some point knowing that they still have the chance even if that chance of getting failed is also high. Cloning and In Vitro Fertilization Cloning aside from in vitro fertilization is also one of the most highly studied areas in the field of genetics and molecular biology. There are good points about cloning especially when it comes to food production and other related aspects. However, there is a great challenge of cloning when it comes to creating human beings. The reason is that there are various ethical and political challenges when it comes to its implementation if ever it would be allowed. Cloning therefore cannot be applied to humans but for other animals and plants, it is well appreciated and even now it is already put into implementation for the purpose of food production and other related concerns. Thus, when talking about cloning and in vitro fertilization, even if there is a high chance of failure in the latter, it remains to be the mostly studied in the field of human fertilization. Conclusion Modern techniques in human reproduction have slowly evolved and even the rate of success is becoming remarkably promising. The reason is that there are continuous studies applied in this field resulting to more discoveries of promising and significant information in order to improve the methods and procedures involved in the modern techniques of human reproduction. The case of IVF is a very important contribution to the development of modern techniques of human reproduction in modern times. The emergence of different methods and techniques related to modern techniques of reproduction is a clear indication how important is reproduction to humans. In fact, the bottom line of these all is the fact that humans are designed to reproduce which is meant to be part of their biological design.

Women and Deception in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Homer, Odyssey Essays

Women and Deception in the Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚   As Agamemnon tells Odysseus, â€Å"Let it be a warning even to you. Indulge a woman never, and never tell her all you know. Some things a man may tell, some he should cover up† (Book XI   199).   This is not news to Odysseus, who treats all women with caution ever since he was betrayed by his wife Helen, who acted in a way that defiled all womankind. Agamemnon did not come to this realization all by himself, however; his statement represents the common sentiment that existed throughout all ancient Greece. Even before Odysseus speaks with Agamemnon, he exhibits a similar attitude in his many encounters with women during his long journey home. Every major female character that Odysseus comes across uses deception in one form or another to get the better of him. This being the case, Odysseus fights fire with fire, using his own cunning deception against the evils of womankind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first wily female that Odysseus battles wits with is the goddess Kalypso. She is a very deceitful woman, indeed. Kalypso has somehow managed to hide from the gods for 7 years – an unnatural and disrespectable accomplishment. She has been having a secret affair with Odysseus, a mortal, who has been held captive on her island for the... ... Helene Foley, "Penelope as Moral Agent," in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. "The Odyssey, History, and Women," by A. J. Graham, pp. 3-16, and Jennifer Neils, "Les Femmes Fatales: Skylla and the Sirens in Greek Art," pp. 175-84. Lillian Doherty, Siren Songs: Gender, Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey (Ann Arbor 1995), esp. chapter 1. Mary Lefkowitz, "Seduction and Rape in Greek Myth," 17-37. Marilyn Arthur Katz, Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey (Princeton 1991). Nancy Felson-Rubin, Regarding Penelope: From Courtship to Poetics (Princeton 1994).

Broadway The American Musical Essay

At the start of the 20th century, the popular vaudeville shows that crossed the nation became the training ground and inspiration for the birth of the American musical. As the primary location for the professionalization of American performance art, understanding the complicated negotiation of gendered and racial identities on the Broadway stage provides important background to the development of an American identity in concert dance through the rest of the century. As you watch these videos notice how musicals come to represent American ideals such as abundance, opportunity, pluralism, optimism. 2.1 Give My Regards to Broadway: 2.1.1 Some of the images from the Follies look like the creation of a new Eden. It was said that in America the streets were paved with gold. Describe the ‘abundance’ found in Ziegfeld Follies and how this relates to an image of America. It reflects to how women being described pure like gold. In the show, all the women wear gold that describes valuable objects. Ziegfeld understands of how he could sell â€Å"sex† idea (by women) to the audience. 2.1.2 What were the Follies and how did they include the different ethnic minorities present in America. The include other cultures in the show by telling jokes to the audience. There were several culture mentioned in the jokes, such as Irish jokes, Italian jokes, and Jewish jokes. 2.1.3 A Follies ‘girl’ had to have a ‘regular profile’, and most were six feet tall. If a Follies girl is the ideal American girl, who is excluded from the image of ideal America? Mostly others race, such as Asian, Black, or any other race besides Causasion. 2.1.4 Many immigrants left the Old World because the social structures of the time kept them locked in a certain economic class. America held the promise of changing one’s station in life. It was the land of opportunity. How was the opportunity and variety found in Vaudeville representative of this idea of America? Vaudeville is the era when anyone can perfome anything featuring dancing, comedies, and singing that focus on individual performance. It represents the idea of America because it displays of mixed cultures in America. It defines a picture of culture variety in America, which unites America. 2.1.5 Describe the clip from Yankee Doodle Dandy. How is Cagney, playing Cohan, the ideal American? Look at who else is on stage, who is or is not allowed to be in this image of America?  Cagney represents a picture of American pictures, such as white man and high class image (nice suit). Based on the video, all of the people on stage are Causasion, which excludes other culture. 2.1.6 How does the musical ‘Mythologize’ America? 1.2.3=Lesson 1.Resource 2. Question 3 2 Mostly represent majority race (mostly represent Causasion), displays perfect picture of American girl (pure, pretty, perfect picture), and represents great music and dance. 2.1.7 How did Burt Williams both perpetuate and challenge stereotypes of black Americans? What does it mean for a black man to perform in black face? Burt William represents a picture of black Americans at that time by telling the audience jokes that related about black Americans. However, besides his jokes he also put other images like the pain being a black American indirectly by his jokes or by his song. Perform in black face was the only way for him to perform in enternainment industry. 2.1.8 Burt Williams claims that he would like to do both the ‘pathos’ (drama) and the fun, but he is known for comedy and if he did the pathos, he would no longer be Burt Williams. Is Burt Williams, then, an actual man, or just a character? Burt Williams at that times represents as a character only because he hides himself and only performs the arts by telling audience jokes. He understands  that his job is to entertain the audience. 2.1.9 Form/technique: Describe blackface performance through its origins, its popularity and performances by Burt Williams and Al Jolson.  Using blackface for black performers and white performers, mostly contains comedy, and stereotyping of black cultures (make fun of black Americans) 2.1.10 How did Fanny Brice break the expected image of the Ziegfeld girl? She breaks all the images of American standard of beauty such as being physically pretty. She represents a comedy story by using facial gestures and eyes movevents. 2.1.11 How did World War I change Broadway? It changed the characteristic of broadway, from blackface to Tin Pan Alley era where most of all the musicians and artists produce their idea in the one building and presents it after. 2.1.12 Show Boat was a marriage of what two traditions? European operetta and American musical comedy. 2.1.13 Why was Show Boat so influential? In terms of subject matter? In terms of who was included on stage? Show Boat represent producer’s idea of musics, which represents American music. 2.1.14 Based on what you have seen, how was Broadway ‘uniquely American’? It represented musical theme and comedy which was entertaining to audience. It also displayed of mixed cultural background to represent the arts on the stage, such as black American culture , Causasion culture (mostly European), and Jewish. 2.2 Syncopated City â€Å"In the ‘20s everyone had permission to visit each other’s land and see what they were doing.† 2.2.1 Alcohol was outlawed during Prohibition, but was not strictly enforced in NY. This meant that people of all social classes were breaking the law and thus normal rules about 1.2.3=Lesson 1.Resource 2.

General Theory of Relativity Essay

The universe consists of many fascinating objects. Unfortunately, some of which cannot be known with just the naked eye. This is because it cannot be seen from Earth, and other technological advancements are needed to fully determine its nature. This is also the reason why several people have acquired false notions of what those objects are. One of those objects is the black hole. Science fiction films and and television shows have given the public a different view of black holes (Lochner 2006), poles apart from what they really are. This research paper seeks to discuss the definition and characteristics of black holes. Before the characteristics of a black hole can be discussed, it is first necessary to define what it is. An introduction is in order. So what is black hole? According to Lochner (2006), it is the â€Å"evolutionary end point of massive stars (p. 2). † There are stars which has sizes much bigger than that of the Sun. In fact, some of them are â€Å"at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † When a star of this size sustains a supernova explosion, it leaves behind some stellar residue. Since in space there are no other forces to fight gravity, the residue will crumble unto itself. Lochner (2006) narrates, â€Å"The star eventually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density, creating what is known as a ‘singularity’ (p. 2). † Eventually, density will increase; the light rays which is diffused by the star will then be encircling the star. â€Å"Any emitted photons are trapped into an orbit by the intense gravitational field; they will never leave it (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † The moment the star reaches the point of no density, all the light is trapped. Hence, it is called the black hole. The phrase ‘black hole’ was coined by John Archibald Wheeler (Bunn, 1995). Prior to that, the objects were called frozen stars (Bunn, 1995). Even in the time of Isaac Newton, the existence of objects as such has been thought of. Now it is more accurately explained using Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. This is â€Å"a geometric theory of gravitation, which incorporates and extends the theory of special relativity to accelerated frames of reference and introducing the principle that gravitational and inertial forces are equivalent (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † This theory then explains the possibility for such occurrences like bent light caused by massive objects and the very nature of black holes. Such theory enables the event wherein â€Å"space and time become so warped that time practically stops in the vicinity of a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † Black holes are identified to have an estimated mass of 4-15 Suns. Since black holes are formed after the death of a star, or supernova explosions, these explosions in turn have after-effects. These effects give way to X-ray binaries which is referred to as black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). Moreover, there exists galaxy-mass black holes. These massive black holes are usually placed in Active Galactic Nuclei, or AGN. AGN is a â€Å"class of galaxies which spew massive amounts of energy from their centers, far more than ordinary galaxies (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † The black holes in question are said to have a mass of 10-100 billion Suns (Lochner, 2006, p. 1), a testament to how enormous they really are. The mass of one of these enormous black holes was recently determined by radio astronomy (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). The black hole has been portrayed by pop culture as one which sucks objects in; Lochner (2006) refers to the black hole’s inaccurate depiction as â€Å"a cosmic vacuum cleaner (p. 2). † He notes, â€Å"If our Sun was suddenly replaced with a black hole of the same mass, the earth’s orbit around the Sun would be unchanged†¦ Of course the Earth’s temperature would change, and there would be no solar wind or solar magnetic storms affecting us (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † This is because a black hole can â€Å"exert the same force on something far away from it as any other object of the same mass would (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † If in any instance, an object gets â€Å"sucked† into the hole, that very same object will pass through what is called â€Å"Schwarzschild radius (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † â€Å"This is the radius r of the event horizon for a Schwarzschild black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † In the Schwarzschild radius, the escape speed and light speed is equal. Therefore, in the instance that light passes through, the light would not be able to escape. Say for example, a black hole with the same mass as the Sun, takes its place. Then the radius will still be different. The Sun’s radius is estimated at 700,000 km, while the Schwarzschild radius is only 3km (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). This would entail that the Earth must be of closer proximity to get sucked in a black hole in the center of our solar system. From where we are it is impossible to see the black holes. How do we then determine their existence? Since black holes are merely massive star remains, it would mean that they are of a small size. Also, because all the light gets trapped into itself, it would be impossible to see. Nonetheless, there are instances wherein a black hole can make itself perceivable. According to Lochner (2006), â€Å"if a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, or is close to another â€Å"normal† star, the black hole can accrete matter into itself. As the matter falls or is pulled towards the black hole, it gains kinetic energy, heats up and is squeezed by tidal forces. The heating ionizes the atoms and when the atoms reach a few million degrees Kelvin, they emit X-rays. The X-rays are sent off into space before the matter crosses the Schwarzschild radius and crashes into the singularity. Thus we can see this X-ray emission (p. 1). † Thus, black holes are dependent on other stars to make its presence known. The very same X-rays are also determinants of â€Å"black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † It was said that a â€Å"companion star is a perfect source of infalling material for a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Because the X-ray sources are binary, a binary system is also enforced. This system makes the computation of the black hole candidate’s mass possible. The moment the mass is calculated, it can be deduced whether the said candidate is a black hole or a neuron star. What is a neuron star? It is â€Å"the imploded core of a massive star produced by a supernova explosion (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Now these neuron stars are characterized by masses which are estimated to be 1. 5 times more than the sun. Moreover, if there exists random variation of emitted X-rays, this is also a signifier of a black hole’s presence. Lochner (2006) states, â€Å"The infalling matter that emits X-rays does not fall into the black hole at a steady rate, but rather more sporadically, which causes an observable variation in X-ray intensity(p. 2). † In addition, â€Å"if the X-ray source is in a binary system, the X-rays will be periodically cut off as the source is eclipsed by the companion star (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † All these characteristics are considered in identifying possible black hole candidates. For further identification, there are X-ray satellites which examines the skies for X-ray sources that may point out black hole candidates. For the longest time, there has been an identified black hole candidate in the name of Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). â€Å"It is a highly variable and irregular source with X-ray emission that flickers in hundredths of a second (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † When one exhibits such an irregularity, it becomes a black hole candidate. How? It is because it is impossible for an object â€Å"to flicker faster than the time required for light to travel across the object (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Lochner (2006) highlights this fact: â€Å"In a hundredth of a second, light travels 3000 kilometers. This is one fourth of Earth’s diameter (p. 2)! † From this, it can be concluded that the region from which the x-rays surrounding Cygnus X-1 are derived, is relatively small. Now Cygnus X-1 has a companion star with the name HDE 226868. This companion star is â€Å"a B0 supergiant with a surface temperature of about 31,000 K (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Now observations found that the spectral lines of HDE 226868, which is the â€Å"light given off at a specific frequency by an atom or molecule (Lochner, 2006, p. 2),† had been changing within 5. 6 days. It was also said that the mass of HDE 226868 is estimated to be 30 times greater than the Sun’s mass. This would mean that Cygnus X-1may possess at least a mass of 7 solar masses. Why 7 solar masses? This is what is required to create the tremendous gravitational pull that would result in the fluctuation in the spectral lines of HDE 226868. Astronomers thought that since 7 masses does not characterize a neuron star or a white dwarf, which is a star that has exhausted most or all of its nuclear fuel and has collapsed to a very small size, it must then be a black hole. However, this issue about Cygnus X-1being a black hole has also been surrounded by much skepticism. There is some speculation that the HDE 226868 may be too small for its spectral category, which in turn implies that Cygnus X-1is smaller than was previously declared. Moreover, uncertainty also shrouds the the mass calculations. It is because â€Å"uncertainties in the distance to the binary system would also influence mass calculations (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † If the computations are inaccurate, the Cygnus X-1may end up only having 3 solar masses. If Cygnus X-1 has only 3 solar masses, it could be classified as merely being a neuron star, and not a black hole. The good news is that there are more binaries which reveal the possibility of a black hole, that which is much stronger than in Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). In the year 1975, an X-ray transient known as A0620-00 was discovered. In the mid-80s, it was found that the mass of this object was more than 3. 5 solar masses. This fact alone eradicates the possibility of a neuron star, since neuron stars usually possess solar masses of 1. 5. In fact, the discovery of A0620-00 may have put into question the feasibility of other theories. Nonetheless, the best finding regarding black holes is V404 Cygni. This star was found to have an estimated 10 solar masses. Several journals have also written about the existence of black holes. In the 1995 edition of â€Å"Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics,†there was a review conducted by Kormendy and Richstone, which implied the eight galaxies were thought to have â€Å"massive dark objects in their centers (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † These cores were found to have masses which range from 1 million to several billion times that of the sun. Their massiveness was determined by noting how â€Å"the speed with which stars and gas orbit around the center of the galaxy: the faster the orbital speeds, the stronger the gravitational force required to hold the stars and gas in their orbits (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † In fact, this is how astronomy usually measures masses. There are two reasons why these massive galactic centers were deemed as black holes. To begin with, the centers are â€Å"too dense and dark (Bunn, 1995, p. 1)† to even be considered as a group of stars, or just merely stars. â€Å"Second, the only promising theory to explain the enigmatic objects known as quasars and active galaxies postulates that such galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † Even though these reasons point out that the galactic centers are really black holes, there is no sufficient evidence to prove it. Nonetheless, there is a continuous discovery for proofs that systems do include black holes. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"a nearby active galaxy was found to have a â€Å"water maser† system (a very powerful source of microwave radiation) near its nucleus. Using the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry, a group of researchers was able to map the velocity distribution of the gas with very fine resolution (p. 1). † They also determined that the velocity was â€Å"less than half a light-year of the center of the galaxy (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † It is from this fact that they deemed the object as a black hole, simply because only a black hole can have that much mass concentrated in such a small volume (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). All these results are included in January 12, 1995 issue of Nature, vol. 373. , as was reported by Miyoshi et al (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). Is there a possibility that the Sun can be a black hole? No. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"only stars that weigh considerably more than the Sun end their lives as black holes (p. 1). † For about five billion years, the Sun will remain in its present state. After that, the Sun will undergo a phase wherein it will be a red giant star. The Sun will then end its life as a white dwarf star. If there are black holes, are there white ones? According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"the equations of general relativity have an interesting mathematical property: they are symmetric in time. That means that you can take any solution to the equations and imagine that time flows backwards rather than forwards, and you’ll get another valid solution to the equations. If you apply this rule to the solution that describes black holes, you get an object known as a white hole (p. 1). † If a black hole then pulls objects in, a white hole would then push things out. The former sucks in, the latter spits out. However, there is no proof that white holes exist, and there are no studies to point out if their existence is a possibility. There has also been speculations about the existence of what is called worm holes. What is a worm hole? It is â€Å"a theoretical opening in space-time that one could use to travel to far away places very quickly (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † It is characterized by â€Å"two copies of the black hole geometry connected by a throat – the throat, or passageway, is called an Einstein-Rosen bridge (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † As is indicated in the definition, it is merely theoretical. There is no scientific basis nor experimental evidence for such existence. However, it is indeed amazing to think that such existence is possible. Do black holes disappear or evaporate? Even astronomers are not sure as to how black holes end their existence. Bunn (1995) notes that â€Å"Back in the 1970’s, Stephen Hawking came up with theoretical arguments showing that black holes are not really entirely black: due to quantum-mechanical effects, they emit radiation. The energy that produces the radiation comes from the mass of the black hole. Consequently, the black hole gradually shrinks. It turns out that the rate of radiation increases as the mass decreases, so the black hole continues to radiate more and more intensely and to shrink more and more rapidly until it presumably vanishes entirely (p. 1)† This is a mere theory. There have been no proof or scientific conclusions as to how black holes really diminish. Black holes are just one of the many things included in the vast universe we are a part of. Thanks to science and the technological advancements at present, we can have greater awareness and knowledge of what is within our universe but beyond our reach. References Bunn, T. (1995). Black Hole FAQ List. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://cosmology. berkeley. edu/Education/BHfaq. html. Lochner, J. (2007). Black Holes. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes. html.

Chapter Two, Love, Loss and Healing

Chapter Two, Love, Loss and Healing Free Online Research Papers This story of loss, love and healing was based on a true story of Neil Simon and his past wife. The main characters in this story was George whos wife had just passed away and Jennie who just got out of a horrible marriage to man who never treated her quite the way she should have been treated. George was the opposite of Jennie. George lived in central park west in one of New Yorks oldest buildings the rooms were much higher and bigger his place was decorated in a traditional comfortable style large inviting arm chairs and sofa, book cases from floor to ceiling and many pictures of him and his wife his apartment as a kitchen and archway that leads into four other rooms. Jennies apartment was smaller flatter and not as interesting but it was the upper eighties off third avenue, it was very modern, bright, attractive and cheerful, she had a small kitchen and she lived alone so it was single bedroom. They were complete opposites, but they found something in each other that they didnt ha ve any longer since jennie had just got out of a marriage and George had just lost the love of his life. George walks into his apartment late one evening after coming home from a vacation Leo his brother fallowing in after begins to realize that George as a lot of healing to do. His wife had just passed away from cancer and he went on a trip to Europe to try to get a little time to deal with his wife that had passed away. After he came home after those couple of weeks of being away in Europe, there were still letters coming in of condolences for his wife. George received a letter from a Mary Ann Patterson who was a hair dresser in the salon Barbara used to go to and he had never knew about her. Leo tells his brother that he feels that he should have stayed in Europe for another month just so he could be away from the whole situation for a bit longer. George got upset with Leo because he felt the Leo expected him just to come home and completely forget about his wife of twelve years and on top of his wife passing away his trip really didnt help much It was, perhaps, the dumbest trip i ever took in my whole life. London was bankrupt, Italy was on strike, France hated me, Spain was still mourning from Franco.why do Americans go to grief-stricken Europe when theyre trying to get over being stricken with grief ( chapter two, copyright 1978, 1979 by Neil Simon page 4). When he was explaining his trip to Leo he would walk around Europe as if Barbara wasnt dead, he kept thinking that this whole thing was a joke and Barbara wasnt really dead, she was in London waiting for George, it was like a romantic fantasy: the whole world thinks shes gone but they meet in London and they secretly live there lives. George new that she would have thought of something clever and sweet like that, but Leo let his brother know that Barbara didnt think of that he did. While George was on his trip he became very mad at Barbara â€Å" How dare she do a thing like this to me? I would never so a thing like that to her. Never! Like a nut, walking up the Via Veneto one night, cursing my dead w ife†(9). Leo his younger brother wanted to do everything in his power to help his brother become stronger but no matter how hard he tried it was like he couldnt do anything he felt completely helpless and was angry he couldnt do anything about the situation. But he was going to give his brother his time and then when the time was right he was going to let his brother have the time of his life. Jennie Malone walks into her apartment in mid February on a bitter cold after noon, shes a very attractive women in her early thirties and right behind her comes in Faye Medwick, they had just come back from a trip. Faye was complaining that the cabi charged them way to much. They walk into Jennies apartment and it was like she never left she had someone come in and water the plants fill her fridge and turn on the heat before she got home. Jennie walked in her own house and could still smell his nastiness. â€Å"I can still smell the ghost of Guss cigar. God what a cheap thing to be haunted byhe probably came by to pick up the rest of his clothes†(pg.13). Guss was not a good person to jennie so when she came home and the smell of him was still in her house it was like horror was all around her. Faye began to discuss her relationship with her husband Sidney and gets distracted by a naked women across the way. She continues on about how wonderful womens bodies are and if jenni e had ever fantasized about doing something with a women! Jennie was not about to deal with Faye trying to make advances at her. But Faye carries on and goes â€Å"Its just that sometimes I watch Sidney drooling over those Dallas cowboy cheerleaders, and I was wondering what I was missing in lifeMaybe I never should have left Texas†(pg.14). Jennie asked what had gone wrong?. Faye continued that her husband wasnt as affectionate as the couple they had gone out to dinner with but they had also said that they didnt realize how to enjoy other till now and they were married twenty years. Faye felt like she was walking on egg shells with her husband she can never be completely honest because shes afraid of what he would say. Jennie tells her â€Å"Oh god that infuriates me. Why are we so intimidated? I wasted five lousy years living with Gus trying to justify the one good year I had with himbecause I wouldnt take responsibility for my own life. Dumb! Youre dumb, jennie malone! All of uswe shouldnt get alimony we should get the years back. Wouldnt it be great if just once the judge said, â€Å"i award you six years, three months, two days and custody of your former youthful body and fresh glowing skin†!. Jennie is very bitter and upset about her whole divorce and tells Faye to leave, so she can lay in bed and try to remember her maiden name. George receives a phone call from Mrs Zorn she is wanting to have dinner with George and he doesnt seem to to the right way to let her down easily. Leo rings the door bell and George lets him know whats going on. Leo thinks he should go on a date with her but George thinks other wise he lets her know that he wants to be honest and that hes not ready to go on dates yet â€Å" well yes in a manner of speaking we are in the same boatBut we don†t necessarily have to paddle together.. I think we have to go up out own streams†(18) . She is very persistent and continues to wonder if eventually they could meet up and he said that maybe if he reconsiders they would be able to meet up. George is baffled he can not believe how many women are so frank about calling him and letting him know that they had just recently been widowed or divorced and they wanted a date with him. Leo tells him â€Å"Listen, George, next to Christmas,loneliness is the biggest business in America†(p g.19). Leo also let him know that George was probably not the only man she had called She was probably just at the Georges. George found that very sad of how lonely these women are, and Leo agreed with him but he also let him know that â€Å"It is my job to brighten up the place. I am Gods interior decorator, and he has sent me to paint you two coats of happiness†(pg. 19). George could not believe what he was hearing his brother was trying to set him up on another date. George let him know he wasnt interested because the last date was a disaster. â€Å"Look at me, Leo. Im a nice, plain, regular person who eats fruit and wears slippers. What makes you think Im going to like a jazzy blonde who dyes a zigzag streak of dark blue in her hair? She looked like the cover of a record album.†(20). He was not going to except any dates from Leo any more but even though George had said No! Leo insisted and left the number there for him to eventually call, if he wanted! Jennie is packing to go home to Cleveland and the phone rings, its Gus and they have a very short yet good talk since they we civil towards each other. Jennie thought it was necessary to let Gus know she was sorry, before the tears began to form. Faye walks in directly after and is ecstatic, â€Å" well two miracles happened last night at â€Å"21† The producer of at the world turns saw me at the table called me today and offered me a part†. Jennie is very happy for her the continue to discuss the character she would be playing. Then Jennie asked what the second miracle was and Faye asked her if she remembered the man Leo Schneider who she dated when she first moved to New York who has a brother with is recently widowed. Jennie wasnt listening â€Å"I am packing. If you dont know this is packing, how will you learn to play a cello?†. Jennie was being sarcastic with Faye because she didnt care the she met this man nor did she want to date around yet. Faye was being persistent and told jennie he was a novelist who wasnt gorgeous yet had a very sweet look to him. Jennie said that what Faye was doing was very sweet and she appreciated it she just wasnt interested. Jennie leaves to go home to Cleveland as the phone rings Faye tries to bargain with her. But she just will not have it! After Jennie got back from her long trip from Cleveland, the phone rang immediately as she enter she picked up and it was George Schneider he had accidentally called Jennie he was meaning to call Mrs Jurgens the old librarian. As the continued to talk George told her he was meaning to call just not right now then they started to discuss what they did for a living and where they went to college and they realized they both enjoyed each others discussions. So, George decided to be a little spontaneous yet still placing the reason for wanting to see each other on Faye and Leo, saying â€Å"just hear me out. What if we were to meet for just five minutes we could say hello,look each other over, part company and tell Leo and Faye that they have fulfilled their noble mission in life†(pg36). And he asked if she wanted to meet, right now. She was a little hesitant but she agreed. As she was waiting she called Faye she was nervous and needed some kind of advice, yet Faye wasnt much h elp since Jennie had to get off the phone so quickly because George was going to be there soon. He arrived, she pixed herself up quickly and opened the door and there he was standing there George thought Jennie was stunning and it seem like they instantly connected they continued to talk and had a glass of wine with each other and found they were both very fond of each other and George asked if she would like to go on a â€Å"real† date together and she simply said yes! Faye was noticing something different about Jennie she had been spending a lot of time with this new guy. â€Å"Four nights in one week, hes got to be someone special. Who is he, Jennie? Have I met him? Oh God. I hate it when Im left out of things!(Jennie come out, shows off her new backless dress) Its gorgeous I love everything but the price tag.†(51) Faye wanted to know every detail but and Jennie let her know it was George Schneider and she was head over heals for him. She was so nervous to tell anyone because she was so nuts for him she thought they were going to think she was crazy and put her in an institution for the over- emotional! But Jennie cut the conversation short she would be late for there date if she didnt. During there meal George became ill and passed out, just like in the film Shadowland the main character Jack is a middle aged man who begins discovering the joy of being alive and happy juts like George was going through at dinner with Jennie as she began to rub his hand. She took him home and began to take care of him he was so embarrassed he didnt know what to think. She made him comfortable took his shoes off but had to be gentle because George let her know his feet were very sensitive and she told him that she had dealt with sweaty feet before it was no big deal! George told jennie he was very grateful on how she took care of him, he never new fish could make him pass out. Then they began a conversation on it wasnt the fish everything there feeling is mutual and its okay to feel like that, George couldnt forget about Barbara and jennie was okay with that and let George know she would be with him every step of the way. He kept saying that this kind of thing doesnt happen twice in one life time, George was just lucky enough to have love happen twice. They felt as if they could trust each other and as if they were in a relationship for years not only a couple weeks. George realized Jennie would do anything for him â€Å"George: Really? Would you Knit me a camels-hair overcoat? Jennie: With or without the humps?Why did it scare you so, George? We were sitting there touching hands, and you suddenly broke into a cold sweat†.(56). George learned that Jennie just wanted him to be happy as so did he for Jennie. George realized after that night that he wanted to spend the rest of his life with Jennie and they were to be married Monday a little over two weeks after they had met. He told his brother Leo about the great news but Leo was not very happy about the situation he felt that Georges heart had not healed yet and that it was wrong for him to jump into a marriage so soon after his wife Barbara had passed away. But George found nothing wrong with the marriage and he wasnt going to end what he felt because his brother didnt think it was right. George brought up the fact that Barbara and him got married only eight weeks after they were married, Leo begged and pleaded and asked if George could just give it one month and if him and Jennie feel the same that they should be married and live there lifes happily. Leo just felt that George should not be opening another door when the last door was not closed yet. George tells his mother about Jennie and Jennie is ecstatic to finally talk her. The discuss the marriage a little and how he was nice to talk to each other finally. After the talk with Georges mother Jennie goes home to find Faye and she lets Jennie in on a little secret yet still keeping in a secret. She told Jennie that she was having an affair but would not mention the name. Jennie tells Faye that having an affair is a little extreme but she is a grown women and is capable of making her own decisions even if they may be a erratic. After Faye and Jennie ended there talk Leo came in to discuss how he felt about the George and her getting married he wasnt happy about it and told Jennie how George feels about his wife who passed away and told her that he still feels that George needs some time for healing still. â€Å"No, maybe youre right, Leo. Maybe George really hasnt dealt with Barbaras death yet. And maybe I havent asked enough questions. I can only deal with one thing at a ti me. Let me experience my happiness before I start dealing with the tragedies even if there were no Barbara to deal with, this is scary enough. And Im goddamned petrified.†(86) Jennie let Leo know that he wasnt the only one scared and was dealing with this she was also. After there talk Leo went to see George but was hiding what he and Jennie had discussed. George and Jennie got married and it wasnt has happy as they both thought it would be. George was having a very hard time trying to figure out if this was right and Jennie couldnt contain her happiness. As they left for there honeymoon in much distress. Faye and Leo even though they were both married decided to begin an affair. The reason why Faye picked Leo was because when she had first moved to New York he was her first man and made her feel at home. When George and Jennie come back from there honey moon there was a lot of tension in the air. George didnt want to be around Jennie and Jennie had no clue why. They begin to argue and Jennie finds out a lot of thing about George she read in a magazine once that you can tell a lot about a person by looking in his fridge which was empty and cold but she also realized that George was empty and cold himself. George wanted to know more about Gus Jennies ex husband and Jennie wanted to know more about Barbara they realized they had just got married yet they know nothing about each other. George compared everything the whole time they were together to Barbaras and his marriage, and Jennie let him know that Barbara may have been a big part of his life but she was not going to change to be like Barbara because thats what he wanted. â€Å" Then what do you want? bitterness? Anger? Fury? You want me to stand toe to toe with you like Barbara did? Well, Im not Barbara. And Ill be damned if Im going to re-create her life, just to make my life work with you. This is our life now, George, and the sooner we start accepting that, the sooner we can get on with this marriage†(102). George told Jennie he resents her for everything and told her he missed Barbara terribly and resent her most of all because he couldnt tell her that. George told jennie he need to make a trip to California to do a movie on his book but he failed to tell her when he had found out two weeks ago. She was shocked and hurt and wanted to know why? He said â€Å"I had know reason to go two weeks ago†(117). There fight had pushed him over the edge and he need to go somewhere to clear is mind, so she helped him! She threw his bag out of the house and told him she didnt understand. He let her know he was still crazy about her he wants hes just stuck in a rut and needs to get out and staying here was not an option. So he left and came back just as soon. Jennie was almost in tears and realized tha t he was back he loved her and was really absolutely crazy about her. He apologized and she couldnt believe he was home again. All she wanted was him embrace her and to let her know he was ready to move on with there marriage. She asked him â€Å"well what are you waiting for your place or mine?† and he replies with â€Å"Neither. I think we have to find a new one called â€Å"Ours†.†(132) this part of the story reminded me of Noah and Ally in The Notebook because Ally came back to Noah because thats who her heart belonged to. Chapter Two was a love story of how to work at something you want just like any love. Thats why I compared it to The Notebook by Nicholas sparks and Shadowland by C.S Lewis they were love story where you had to work and dig and find what you wanted to make yourself happy in the end. Research Papers on Chapter Two, Love, Loss and HealingHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMind TravelNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Trailblazing by Eric Anderson

Stalin Essay (Josif Vissarionovich Djugashvili).

Stalin Essay (Josif Vissarionovich Djugashvili). Josif Vissarionovich Djugashvili.Stalin is an important person in world history because he was the one that killed millions of people in Russia. Josif changed his last name from Djugashvili to Stalin because it meant "man of steel". He became dictator of Russia in 1929 after being appointed Secretary General of the Communist Party in 1922. Stalin didn't like some of the army officers that were part of the Russian army. Stalin changed Russia forever.Stalin was born as Josif Vissarionovich Djugashvili in Georgia, a region in the Caucasus Mountains in 1879. He was born into a poor family with his father making shoes. He married his first wife named Ekaterina Svanidze in 1904 and had a son named Jacob. She later died of tuberculosis in 1907. In 1918, he married his second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva. They had a son named Vasily and a daughter named Svetlana. She committed suicide in 1932.Beria's letter to PolitburoHe died in1953 of a brain hemorrhage.Stalin had a very bad method of rule/le adership. He began the Five Year Plans in 1928 which harmed the country, but it was good in the long run. In 1934, Stalin began a widespread campaign of arrests also known as The Great Purges. Stalin used these purges to take control of the Soviet society. During this time, the Communist Party falsely accused millions of Soviet citizens of committing crimes against the government. They were arrested the by Stalin's secret police (NKVD). They were arrested, imprisoned, tortured, and shot therefore, millions of people died. The purges finally ended in 1938.Even thought Stalin did very bad things during his reign in Russia, he did Russia some good. Stalin industrialized Russia by bringing agriculture under government control. The state set all prices and controlled access to farm supply. The Soviet Union...

How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content

How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content When people like doing something, it shows in their work. Heck, built its entire team  based on that idea: And when it comes to your content, you want people who are passionate about it working on it- every step of the way. Building the ideal content marketing team structure means finding the right person  for each step of the process. So how can you get the best content from your marketing team by identifying what they want to do most? How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content via @KristiHinesDefine Roles For Every Person  Who Participates In Content Marketing Each person in your content marketing team structure should have a role. Let's be clear: Roles aren't titles. People on your existing team  can- and should- serve in these roles. For smaller businesses, there may be one person with multiple roles, but when those content marketing roles are defined, the process will be smoother. Here are the primary roles in the content marketing team structure. Try these 8 marketing team roles to create the best content1. Content marketing strategists Content marketing strategists set the stage for the entire content marketing operation. Your strategists help the entire content marketing team understand your audience (most likely in the form of personas), the topics you'll cover (based on your content core) and how you'll measure success. 2. Content strategists If content marketing strategists lay out a game plan, the content strategists are responsible for directing the team to execute the plan. Content strategists focus on the audience and topics, and determine the best content, channels and overall ways to connect your content marketing with your customers. 3. Idea contributors Do you know  people who  have a million ideas in their head, but may not have the time to create content or the desire to do so? These folks  have lots of great ideas when it comes to the topics that people might enjoy reading about. These are your ideal idea contributors. The best part about idea contributors is that they don't have to be limited to people inside your content marketing team structure. Idea contributors are everyone from your customer support techs to your CEO. Unless they express interest in creating content, you shouldn't pressure them to do so. Instead, just invite them to share their ideas for others to develop. Make it easy for idea contributors  by giving them access to a shared Google spreadsheet or letting them email a specific member in the content marketing team structure. Let them contribute as little information (such as a topic idea or content title) or as much information (topic idea plus outline or main points) as they want. The simpler you make the process, the more ideas you can get for the content creators on your team. The simpler you make it to submit content ideas, the more you'll get from your thought leaders.4. Content  writers Content writers are the people who use their creativity and knowledge to develop various types of content. With the support of idea contributors, content creators never have to fear the dreaded "writer's block" syndrome. And with the support of content editors, they don't have to focus on the technical aspects of writing- they can just let their ideas flow. 5. Content editors Content editors are the people in your content marketing team structure who use their technical writing skills to refine content created by your content creators. They are the people who may not have a steady stream of topic ideas or a willingness to write tons of content. But they can ensure that each piece of content flows well and is free of spelling and grammatical errors. They also manage the editorial calendar to ensure that content is published on a regular basis. 6. Content promoters Content promoters spread your content far and wide after it goes live. Anyone in your company with a social media account can do the simple promotion of sharing your content with their network. In addition to simple content promoters, you should have someone who  handles the full promotion of each piece of content. Full promotion includes sharing content on the company's social networks, sending the content out to newsletter subscribers, reaching out to other blogs that might be interested in linking to the content, and so on. 7. Graphic Designers Strong visual communicators are invaluable for content marketing. Sure, you can create graphics using a variety of free tools. However, they are not a replacement for a skilled graphic designer. Content teams tend to have heavy visual design needs. That means designers carry a heavy load. Some of the assets they create include: Website images Blog post graphics Social media graphics (post images, cover photos, etc.) E-book covers Presentation slide graphics Infographics Print collateral (brochures, flyers, etc.) That's just a short list of examples.  A great designer will ensure your content maintains a consistent brand identity across  all your content. 8. Community managers Community managers help manage the engagement around your content, including comments and social media posts. They will respond to comments, moderate spam and thank those who  share your content. Having a dedicated community manager for your blog will help you grow a loyal community of readers and people who love to share your content. 9. Content analysts There should be someone who takes the time to review the analytics for your content. This person will look at traffic, social shares, engagement, search rankings and conversions to determine which pieces of content perform best for your business. They will use this data to suggest the best topics, optimal times to publish  and strongest content creators. 10. Videographers / Video editors You've probably heard the hype around video content marketing. Believe it. The  value and growth of video marketing is only set to increase. These folks will shoot and edit video for social media, blog posts, your website, YouTube (and other video hosting and sharing sites), and more. Shooting live video for social media is also an important skill. Content Creators Are Linchpins In Your Content Marketing Team Structure While every role is essential for a successful content marketing team structure, content creators take on a bulk of the workload. There are tons of different types of content creators that you should have in your content marketing team structure. Here are a few ways to make sure each content creator is doing what they love. Who's the best at creating certain content formats? Not all content creators are writers, nor should they be. You will want to enlist the help of content creators who  can handle different types of content including text, graphics (blog graphics and infographics), audio (podcasts) and video (screencasts and on-camera). When you have content creators to cover all of the content  formats your content strategist recommends you use, you can create robust pieces of content that include different formats to appeal to different learners. For example, you could have a tutorial post that includes great screenshots and video screencasts. You could have videos with optional MP3 downloads. Think of ways to mix and match your content, and you'll appeal to those who prefer to read, listen and watch. Focus on your marketing team's strengths. Not all content creators are created equal. Some may have particular strengths, all of which are important to your content development. Here are a few strengths to look for within your content creators: Researching Some people love data. They love digging into analytics to identify specific trends that lead to specific results. They love hunting for convincing statistics. They love conducting experiments. They love keeping tabs on your competitors to see what content topics perform best for them. These people are the researchers on your team. They can help you create in-depth content, such as reports, white papers and e-books. They can also boost the value of the content created by other team members by backing up advice with the data needed to convince readers to take action. Storytelling Storytelling is not a gift that every content creator has tucked away under their belt. But it's an important aspect that can help people relate to your content, even in a boring industry. Educating Those that love to teach will enjoy creating the educational content. Educational content includes how-to posts, guides and e-books. Interviewing Interviews make for great content because you can bring in viewpoints from outside your company. In addition, you can generally rely on the interviewee to promote your content, exposing it to a new audience. Having someone with interviewing skills in your content marketing team structure is a definite plus! Assign content creation  based on your marketing team's interests. While most people can write about several different topics, many have topics they are passionate about. Harness your team's passion to create the best content.Those who write about the topics they love and know like the back of their hand are going to create superb content that your audience is going to love. If you can find someone on your content creation team to cover each of the main topic areas for your blog and other content types, they will automatically become your company's "expert" on that topic. Who on your marketing team knows your audience the best? Do you have multiple personas defined for your content marketing strategy? For example, maybe you have a great tool for businesses and thus write content geared towards CEOs, project managers and potential product users. If so, then you might want to know which of these audiences your content creators want to write for. How To Find Out Your Marketing  Team's Interests Now that know what you need to identify from the members of your content  marketing  team, here's how to do it. Google Forms is the perfect tool because it is free to use and will collect the data you need in one place. To get started, go to Google Drive, log in to your Google account, and click the "New" button. Select "Google Forms", which is sometimes under the "More" popout. First, name your survey. Then you will add questions to help you classify what roles each person in your content marketing team would like to pursue, their strengths, their interests, their preferred content formats and their audience. Once completed, your form should look similar to this. Once you finish, you will click the "Send Form" button. Google Drive will give you the link to share your survey, along with the option to enter email addresses to send the survey to. When you visit Google Drive, you will see two files: "Your Survey" and "Your Survey (Responses)". The responses file is a spreadsheet where survey answers are  recorded. This spreadsheet will be your go-to resource when you decide how to organize your content  marketing  team structure. Once you receive all of the responses, you should know who wants to fill specific roles in your content marketing team, what type of content the content creators want to develop, and who will handle editing, promotion and analytics. As you gain new employees, you can send the survey to them to see if they would be interested in being a part of your content marketing team as well. Your Next Step: Structure Your Team To Create Better Content By allowing your content marketing team to focus on the things they do best and the topics they are most passionate about, you will ensure that they are delivering the best content possible for your company. Be sure to survey your content marketing team today to see if you are using  everyone's strengths and see what a difference it makes! What content marketing role do you serve on your team? How To Structure Internal And External Content Teams (From Our CEO, Garrett Moon) In order to build the world's best all-in-one  content marketing  calendar (yep!),   needs to understand how modern blogging teams work. So,  the team  called, emailed, and Googled its way to understanding. The results are valuable. Content marketing and editorial teams are diverse, but 's research  concluded that there are really only two major types of team structures, and then two minor ones that branch off from there. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of these teams makes a huge difference in how you  manage and organize your own writing team. How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content When people like doing something, it shows in their work. Heck, built its entire team  based on that idea: And when it comes to your content, you want people who are passionate about it working on it- every step of the way. Building the ideal content marketing team structure means finding the right person  for each step of the process. So how can you get the best content from your marketing team by identifying what they want to do most? How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content via @KristiHinesDefine Roles For Every Person  Who Participates In Content Marketing Each person in your content marketing team structure should have a role. Let's be clear: Roles aren't titles. People on your existing team  can- and should- serve in these roles. For smaller businesses, there may be one person with multiple roles, but when those content marketing roles are defined, the process will be smoother. Here are the primary roles in the content marketing team structure. Try these 8 marketing team roles to create the best content1. Content marketing strategists Content marketing strategists set the stage for the entire content marketing operation. Your strategists help the entire content marketing team understand your audience (most likely in the form of personas), the topics you'll cover (based on your content core) and how you'll measure success. 2. Content strategists If content marketing strategists lay out a game plan, the content strategists are responsible for directing the team to execute the plan. Content strategists focus on the audience and topics, and determine the best content, channels and overall ways to connect your content marketing with your customers. 3. Idea contributors Do you know  people who  have a million ideas in their head, but may not have the time to create content or the desire to do so? These folks  have lots of great ideas when it comes to the topics that people might enjoy reading about. These are your ideal idea contributors. The best part about idea contributors is that they don't have to be limited to people inside your content marketing team structure. Idea contributors are everyone from your customer support techs to your CEO. Unless they express interest in creating content, you shouldn't pressure them to do so. Instead, just invite them to share their ideas for others to develop. Make it easy for idea contributors  by giving them access to a shared Google spreadsheet or letting them email a specific member in the content marketing team structure. Let them contribute as little information (such as a topic idea or content title) or as much information (topic idea plus outline or main points) as they want. The simpler you make the process, the more ideas you can get for the content creators on your team. The simpler you make it to submit content ideas, the more you'll get from your thought leaders.4. Content  writers Content writers are the people who use their creativity and knowledge to develop various types of content. With the support of idea contributors, content creators never have to fear the dreaded "writer's block" syndrome. And with the support of content editors, they don't have to focus on the technical aspects of writing- they can just let their ideas flow. 5. Content editors Content editors are the people in your content marketing team structure who use their technical writing skills to refine content created by your content creators. They are the people who may not have a steady stream of topic ideas or a willingness to write tons of content. But they can ensure that each piece of content flows well and is free of spelling and grammatical errors. They also manage the editorial calendar to ensure that content is published on a regular basis. 6. Content promoters Content promoters spread your content far and wide after it goes live. Anyone in your company with a social media account can do the simple promotion of sharing your content with their network. In addition to simple content promoters, you should have someone who  handles the full promotion of each piece of content. Full promotion includes sharing content on the company's social networks, sending the content out to newsletter subscribers, reaching out to other blogs that might be interested in linking to the content, and so on. 7. Graphic Designers Strong visual communicators are invaluable for content marketing. Sure, you can create graphics using a variety of free tools. However, they are not a replacement for a skilled graphic designer. Content teams tend to have heavy visual design needs. That means designers carry a heavy load. Some of the assets they create include: Website images Blog post graphics Social media graphics (post images, cover photos, etc.) E-book covers Presentation slide graphics Infographics Print collateral (brochures, flyers, etc.) That's just a short list of examples.  A great designer will ensure your content maintains a consistent brand identity across  all your content. 8. Community managers Community managers help manage the engagement around your content, including comments and social media posts. They will respond to comments, moderate spam and thank those who  share your content. Having a dedicated community manager for your blog will help you grow a loyal community of readers and people who love to share your content. 9. Content analysts There should be someone who takes the time to review the analytics for your content. This person will look at traffic, social shares, engagement, search rankings and conversions to determine which pieces of content perform best for your business. They will use this data to suggest the best topics, optimal times to publish  and strongest content creators. 10. Videographers / Video editors You've probably heard the hype around video content marketing. Believe it. The  value and growth of video marketing is only set to increase. These folks will shoot and edit video for social media, blog posts, your website, YouTube (and other video hosting and sharing sites), and more. Shooting live video for social media is also an important skill. Content Creators Are Linchpins In Your Content Marketing Team Structure While every role is essential for a successful content marketing team structure, content creators take on a bulk of the workload. There are tons of different types of content creators that you should have in your content marketing team structure. Here are a few ways to make sure each content creator is doing what they love. Who's the best at creating certain content formats? Not all content creators are writers, nor should they be. You will want to enlist the help of content creators who  can handle different types of content including text, graphics (blog graphics and infographics), audio (podcasts) and video (screencasts and on-camera). When you have content creators to cover all of the content  formats your content strategist recommends you use, you can create robust pieces of content that include different formats to appeal to different learners. For example, you could have a tutorial post that includes great screenshots and video screencasts. You could have videos with optional MP3 downloads. Think of ways to mix and match your content, and you'll appeal to those who prefer to read, listen and watch. Focus on your marketing team's strengths. Not all content creators are created equal. Some may have particular strengths, all of which are important to your content development. Here are a few strengths to look for within your content creators: Researching Some people love data. They love digging into analytics to identify specific trends that lead to specific results. They love hunting for convincing statistics. They love conducting experiments. They love keeping tabs on your competitors to see what content topics perform best for them. These people are the researchers on your team. They can help you create in-depth content, such as reports, white papers and e-books. They can also boost the value of the content created by other team members by backing up advice with the data needed to convince readers to take action. Storytelling Storytelling is not a gift that every content creator has tucked away under their belt. But it's an important aspect that can help people relate to your content, even in a boring industry. Educating Those that love to teach will enjoy creating the educational content. Educational content includes how-to posts, guides and e-books. Interviewing Interviews make for great content because you can bring in viewpoints from outside your company. In addition, you can generally rely on the interviewee to promote your content, exposing it to a new audience. Having someone with interviewing skills in your content marketing team structure is a definite plus! Assign content creation  based on your marketing team's interests. While most people can write about several different topics, many have topics they are passionate about. Harness your team's passion to create the best content.Those who write about the topics they love and know like the back of their hand are going to create superb content that your audience is going to love. If you can find someone on your content creation team to cover each of the main topic areas for your blog and other content types, they will automatically become your company's "expert" on that topic. Who on your marketing team knows your audience the best? Do you have multiple personas defined for your content marketing strategy? For example, maybe you have a great tool for businesses and thus write content geared towards CEOs, project managers and potential product users. If so, then you might want to know which of these audiences your content creators want to write for. How To Find Out Your Marketing  Team's Interests Now that know what you need to identify from the members of your content  marketing  team, here's how to do it. Google Forms is the perfect tool because it is free to use and will collect the data you need in one place. To get started, go to Google Drive, log in to your Google account, and click the "New" button. Select "Google Forms", which is sometimes under the "More" popout. First, name your survey. Then you will add questions to help you classify what roles each person in your content marketing team would like to pursue, their strengths, their interests, their preferred content formats and their audience. Once completed, your form should look similar to this. Once you finish, you will click the "Send Form" button. Google Drive will give you the link to share your survey, along with the option to enter email addresses to send the survey to. When you visit Google Drive, you will see two files: "Your Survey" and "Your Survey (Responses)". The responses file is a spreadsheet where survey answers are  recorded. This spreadsheet will be your go-to resource when you decide how to organize your content  marketing  team structure. Once you receive all of the responses, you should know who wants to fill specific roles in your content marketing team, what type of content the content creators want to develop, and who will handle editing, promotion and analytics. As you gain new employees, you can send the survey to them to see if they would be interested in being a part of your content marketing team as well. Your Next Step: Structure Your Team To Create Better Content By allowing your content marketing team to focus on the things they do best and the topics they are most passionate about, you will ensure that they are delivering the best content possible for your company. Be sure to survey your content marketing team today to see if you are using  everyone's strengths and see what a difference it makes! What content marketing role do you serve on your team? How To Structure Internal And External Content Teams (From Our CEO, Garrett Moon) In order to build the world's best all-in-one  content marketing  calendar (yep!),   needs to understand how modern blogging teams work. So,  the team  called, emailed, and Googled its way to understanding. The results are valuable. Content marketing and editorial teams are diverse, but 's research  concluded that there are really only two major types of team structures, and then two minor ones that branch off from there. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of these teams makes a huge difference in how you  manage and organize your own writing team. How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content When people like doing something, it shows in their work. Heck, built its entire team  based on that idea: And when it comes to your content, you want people who are passionate about it working on it- every step of the way. Building the ideal content marketing team structure means finding the right person  for each step of the process. So how can you get the best content from your marketing team by identifying what they want to do most? How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content via @KristiHinesDefine Roles For Every Person  Who Participates In Content Marketing Each person in your content marketing team structure should have a role. Let's be clear: Roles aren't titles. People on your existing team  can- and should- serve in these roles. For smaller businesses, there may be one person with multiple roles, but when those content marketing roles are defined, the process will be smoother. Here are the primary roles in the content marketing team structure. Try these 8 marketing team roles to create the best content1. Content marketing strategists Content marketing strategists set the stage for the entire content marketing operation. Your strategists help the entire content marketing team understand your audience (most likely in the form of personas), the topics you'll cover (based on your content core) and how you'll measure success. 2. Content strategists If content marketing strategists lay out a game plan, the content strategists are responsible for directing the team to execute the plan. Content strategists focus on the audience and topics, and determine the best content, channels and overall ways to connect your content marketing with your customers. 3. Idea contributors Do you know  people who  have a million ideas in their head, but may not have the time to create content or the desire to do so? These folks  have lots of great ideas when it comes to the topics that people might enjoy reading about. These are your ideal idea contributors. The best part about idea contributors is that they don't have to be limited to people inside your content marketing team structure. Idea contributors are everyone from your customer support techs to your CEO. Unless they express interest in creating content, you shouldn't pressure them to do so. Instead, just invite them to share their ideas for others to develop. Make it easy for idea contributors  by giving them access to a shared Google spreadsheet or letting them email a specific member in the content marketing team structure. Let them contribute as little information (such as a topic idea or content title) or as much information (topic idea plus outline or main points) as they want. The simpler you make the process, the more ideas you can get for the content creators on your team. The simpler you make it to submit content ideas, the more you'll get from your thought leaders.4. Content  writers Content writers are the people who use their creativity and knowledge to develop various types of content. With the support of idea contributors, content creators never have to fear the dreaded "writer's block" syndrome. And with the support of content editors, they don't have to focus on the technical aspects of writing- they can just let their ideas flow. 5. Content editors Content editors are the people in your content marketing team structure who use their technical writing skills to refine content created by your content creators. They are the people who may not have a steady stream of topic ideas or a willingness to write tons of content. But they can ensure that each piece of content flows well and is free of spelling and grammatical errors. They also manage the editorial calendar to ensure that content is published on a regular basis. 6. Content promoters Content promoters spread your content far and wide after it goes live. Anyone in your company with a social media account can do the simple promotion of sharing your content with their network. In addition to simple content promoters, you should have someone who  handles the full promotion of each piece of content. Full promotion includes sharing content on the company's social networks, sending the content out to newsletter subscribers, reaching out to other blogs that might be interested in linking to the content, and so on. 7. Graphic Designers Strong visual communicators are invaluable for content marketing. Sure, you can create graphics using a variety of free tools. However, they are not a replacement for a skilled graphic designer. Content teams tend to have heavy visual design needs. That means designers carry a heavy load. Some of the assets they create include: Website images Blog post graphics Social media graphics (post images, cover photos, etc.) E-book covers Presentation slide graphics Infographics Print collateral (brochures, flyers, etc.) That's just a short list of examples.  A great designer will ensure your content maintains a consistent brand identity across  all your content. 8. Community managers Community managers help manage the engagement around your content, including comments and social media posts. They will respond to comments, moderate spam and thank those who  share your content. Having a dedicated community manager for your blog will help you grow a loyal community of readers and people who love to share your content. 9. Content analysts There should be someone who takes the time to review the analytics for your content. This person will look at traffic, social shares, engagement, search rankings and conversions to determine which pieces of content perform best for your business. They will use this data to suggest the best topics, optimal times to publish  and strongest content creators. 10. Videographers / Video editors You've probably heard the hype around video content marketing. Believe it. The  value and growth of video marketing is only set to increase. These folks will shoot and edit video for social media, blog posts, your website, YouTube (and other video hosting and sharing sites), and more. Shooting live video for social media is also an important skill. Content Creators Are Linchpins In Your Content Marketing Team Structure While every role is essential for a successful content marketing team structure, content creators take on a bulk of the workload. There are tons of different types of content creators that you should have in your content marketing team structure. Here are a few ways to make sure each content creator is doing what they love. Who's the best at creating certain content formats? Not all content creators are writers, nor should they be. You will want to enlist the help of content creators who  can handle different types of content including text, graphics (blog graphics and infographics), audio (podcasts) and video (screencasts and on-camera). When you have content creators to cover all of the content  formats your content strategist recommends you use, you can create robust pieces of content that include different formats to appeal to different learners. For example, you could have a tutorial post that includes great screenshots and video screencasts. You could have videos with optional MP3 downloads. Think of ways to mix and match your content, and you'll appeal to those who prefer to read, listen and watch. Focus on your marketing team's strengths. Not all content creators are created equal. Some may have particular strengths, all of which are important to your content development. Here are a few strengths to look for within your content creators: Researching Some people love data. They love digging into analytics to identify specific trends that lead to specific results. They love hunting for convincing statistics. They love conducting experiments. They love keeping tabs on your competitors to see what content topics perform best for them. These people are the researchers on your team. They can help you create in-depth content, such as reports, white papers and e-books. They can also boost the value of the content created by other team members by backing up advice with the data needed to convince readers to take action. Storytelling Storytelling is not a gift that every content creator has tucked away under their belt. But it's an important aspect that can help people relate to your content, even in a boring industry. Educating Those that love to teach will enjoy creating the educational content. Educational content includes how-to posts, guides and e-books. Interviewing Interviews make for great content because you can bring in viewpoints from outside your company. In addition, you can generally rely on the interviewee to promote your content, exposing it to a new audience. Having someone with interviewing skills in your content marketing team structure is a definite plus! Assign content creation  based on your marketing team's interests. While most people can write about several different topics, many have topics they are passionate about. Harness your team's passion to create the best content.Those who write about the topics they love and know like the back of their hand are going to create superb content that your audience is going to love. If you can find someone on your content creation team to cover each of the main topic areas for your blog and other content types, they will automatically become your company's "expert" on that topic. Who on your marketing team knows your audience the best? Do you have multiple personas defined for your content marketing strategy? For example, maybe you have a great tool for businesses and thus write content geared towards CEOs, project managers and potential product users. If so, then you might want to know which of these audiences your content creators want to write for. How To Find Out Your Marketing  Team's Interests Now that know what you need to identify from the members of your content  marketing  team, here's how to do it. Google Forms is the perfect tool because it is free to use and will collect the data you need in one place. To get started, go to Google Drive, log in to your Google account, and click the "New" button. Select "Google Forms", which is sometimes under the "More" popout. First, name your survey. Then you will add questions to help you classify what roles each person in your content marketing team would like to pursue, their strengths, their interests, their preferred content formats and their audience. Once completed, your form should look similar to this. Once you finish, you will click the "Send Form" button. Google Drive will give you the link to share your survey, along with the option to enter email addresses to send the survey to. When you visit Google Drive, you will see two files: "Your Survey" and "Your Survey (Responses)". The responses file is a spreadsheet where survey answers are  recorded. This spreadsheet will be your go-to resource when you decide how to organize your content  marketing  team structure. Once you receive all of the responses, you should know who wants to fill specific roles in your content marketing team, what type of content the content creators want to develop, and who will handle editing, promotion and analytics. As you gain new employees, you can send the survey to them to see if they would be interested in being a part of your content marketing team as well. Your Next Step: Structure Your Team To Create Better Content By allowing your content marketing team to focus on the things they do best and the topics they are most passionate about, you will ensure that they are delivering the best content possible for your company. Be sure to survey your content marketing team today to see if you are using  everyone's strengths and see what a difference it makes! What content marketing role do you serve on your team? How To Structure Internal And External Content Teams (From Our CEO, Garrett Moon) In order to build the world's best all-in-one  content marketing  calendar (yep!),   needs to understand how modern blogging teams work. So,  the team  called, emailed, and Googled its way to understanding. The results are valuable. Content marketing and editorial teams are diverse, but 's research  concluded that there are really only two major types of team structures, and then two minor ones that branch off from there. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of these teams makes a huge difference in how you  manage and organize your own writing team. How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content When people like doing something, it shows in their work. Heck, built its entire team  based on that idea: And when it comes to your content, you want people who are passionate about it working on it- every step of the way. Building the ideal content marketing team structure means finding the right person  for each step of the process. So how can you get the best content from your marketing team by identifying what they want to do most? How To Structure Your Marketing Team To Create The Best Content via @KristiHinesDefine Roles For Every Person  Who Participates In Content Marketing Each person in your content marketing team structure should have a role. Let's be clear: Roles aren't titles. People on your existing team  can- and should- serve in these roles. For smaller businesses, there may be one person with multiple roles, but when those content marketing roles are defined, the process will be smoother. Here are the primary roles in the content marketing team structure. Try these 8 marketing team roles to create the best content1. Content marketing strategists Content marketing strategists set the stage for the entire content marketing operation. Your strategists help the entire content marketing team understand your audience (most likely in the form of personas), the topics you'll cover (based on your content core) and how you'll measure success. 2. Content strategists If content marketing strategists lay out a game plan, the content strategists are responsible for directing the team to execute the plan. Content strategists focus on the audience and topics, and determine the best content, channels and overall ways to connect your content marketing with your customers. 3. Idea contributors Do you know  people who  have a million ideas in their head, but may not have the time to create content or the desire to do so? These folks  have lots of great ideas when it comes to the topics that people might enjoy reading about. These are your ideal idea contributors. The best part about idea contributors is that they don't have to be limited to people inside your content marketing team structure. Idea contributors are everyone from your customer support techs to your CEO. Unless they express interest in creating content, you shouldn't pressure them to do so. Instead, just invite them to share their ideas for others to develop. Make it easy for idea contributors  by giving them access to a shared Google spreadsheet or letting them email a specific member in the content marketing team structure. Let them contribute as little information (such as a topic idea or content title) or as much information (topic idea plus outline or main points) as they want. The simpler you make the process, the more ideas you can get for the content creators on your team. The simpler you make it to submit content ideas, the more you'll get from your thought leaders.4. Content  writers Content writers are the people who use their creativity and knowledge to develop various types of content. With the support of idea contributors, content creators never have to fear the dreaded "writer's block" syndrome. And with the support of content editors, they don't have to focus on the technical aspects of writing- they can just let their ideas flow. 5. Content editors Content editors are the people in your content marketing team structure who use their technical writing skills to refine content created by your content creators. They are the people who may not have a steady stream of topic ideas or a willingness to write tons of content. But they can ensure that each piece of content flows well and is free of spelling and grammatical errors. They also manage the editorial calendar to ensure that content is published on a regular basis. 6. Content promoters Content promoters spread your content far and wide after it goes live. Anyone in your company with a social media account can do the simple promotion of sharing your content with their network. In addition to simple content promoters, you should have someone who  handles the full promotion of each piece of content. Full promotion includes sharing content on the company's social networks, sending the content out to newsletter subscribers, reaching out to other blogs that might be interested in linking to the content, and so on. 7. Graphic Designers Strong visual communicators are invaluable for content marketing. Sure, you can create graphics using a variety of free tools. However, they are not a replacement for a skilled graphic designer. Content teams tend to have heavy visual design needs. That means designers carry a heavy load. Some of the assets they create include: Website images Blog post graphics Social media graphics (post images, cover photos, etc.) E-book covers Presentation slide graphics Infographics Print collateral (brochures, flyers, etc.) That's just a short list of examples.  A great designer will ensure your content maintains a consistent brand identity across  all your content. 8. Community managers Community managers help manage the engagement around your content, including comments and social media posts. They will respond to comments, moderate spam and thank those who  share your content. Having a dedicated community manager for your blog will help you grow a loyal community of readers and people who love to share your content. 9. Content analysts There should be someone who takes the time to review the analytics for your content. This person will look at traffic, social shares, engagement, search rankings and conversions to determine which pieces of content perform best for your business. They will use this data to suggest the best topics, optimal times to publish  and strongest content creators. 10. Videographers / Video editors You've probably heard the hype around video content marketing. Believe it. The  value and growth of video marketing is only set to increase. These folks will shoot and edit video for social media, blog posts, your website, YouTube (and other video hosting and sharing sites), and more. Shooting live video for social media is also an important skill. Content Creators Are Linchpins In Your Content Marketing Team Structure While every role is essential for a successful content marketing team structure, content creators take on a bulk of the workload. There are tons of different types of content creators that you should have in your content marketing team structure. Here are a few ways to make sure each content creator is doing what they love. Who's the best at creating certain content formats? Not all content creators are writers, nor should they be. You will want to enlist the help of content creators who  can handle different types of content including text, graphics (blog graphics and infographics), audio (podcasts) and video (screencasts and on-camera). When you have content creators to cover all of the content  formats your content strategist recommends you use, you can create robust pieces of content that include different formats to appeal to different learners. For example, you could have a tutorial post that includes great screenshots and video screencasts. You could have videos with optional MP3 downloads. Think of ways to mix and match your content, and you'll appeal to those who prefer to read, listen and watch. Focus on your marketing team's strengths. Not all content creators are created equal. Some may have particular strengths, all of which are important to your content development. Here are a few strengths to look for within your content creators: Researching Some people love data. They love digging into analytics to identify specific trends that lead to specific results. They love hunting for convincing statistics. They love conducting experiments. They love keeping tabs on your competitors to see what content topics perform best for them. These people are the researchers on your team. They can help you create in-depth content, such as reports, white papers and e-books. They can also boost the value of the content created by other team members by backing up advice with the data needed to convince readers to take action. Storytelling Storytelling is not a gift that every content creator has tucked away under their belt. But it's an important aspect that can help people relate to your content, even in a boring industry. Educating Those that love to teach will enjoy creating the educational content. Educational content includes how-to posts, guides and e-books. Interviewing Interviews make for great content because you can bring in viewpoints from outside your company. In addition, you can generally rely on the interviewee to promote your content, exposing it to a new audience. Having someone with interviewing skills in your content marketing team structure is a definite plus! Assign content creation  based on your marketing team's interests. While most people can write about several different topics, many have topics they are passionate about. Harness your team's passion to create the best content.Those who write about the topics they love and know like the back of their hand are going to create superb content that your audience is going to love. If you can find someone on your content creation team to cover each of the main topic areas for your blog and other content types, they will automatically become your company's "expert" on that topic. Who on your marketing team knows your audience the best? Do you have multiple personas defined for your content marketing strategy? For example, maybe you have a great tool for businesses and thus write content geared towards CEOs, project managers and potential product users. If so, then you might want to know which of these audiences your content creators want to write for. How To Find Out Your Marketing  Team's Interests Now that know what you need to identify from the members of your content  marketing  team, here's how to do it. Google Forms is the perfect tool because it is free to use and will collect the data you need in one place. To get started, go to Google Drive, log in to your Google account, and click the "New" button. Select "Google Forms", which is sometimes under the "More" popout. First, name your survey. Then you will add questions to help you classify what roles each person in your content marketing team would like to pursue, their strengths, their interests, their preferred content formats and their audience. Once completed, your form should look similar to this. Once you finish, you will click the "Send Form" button. Google Drive will give you the link to share your survey, along with the option to enter email addresses to send the survey to. When you visit Google Drive, you will see two files: "Your Survey" and "Your Survey (Responses)". The responses file is a spreadsheet where survey answers are  recorded. This spreadsheet will be your go-to resource when you decide how to organize your content  marketing  team structure. Once you receive all of the responses, you should know who wants to fill specific roles in your content marketing team, what type of content the content creators want to develop, and who will handle editing, promotion and analytics. As you gain new employees, you can send the survey to them to see if they would be interested in being a part of your content marketing team as well. Your Next Step: Structure Your Team To Create Better Content By allowing your content marketing team to focus on the things they do best and the topics they are most passionate about, you will ensure that they are delivering the best content possible for your company. Be sure to survey your content marketing team today to see if you are using  everyone's strengths and see what a difference it makes! What content marketing role do you serve on your team? How To Structure Internal And External Content Teams (From Our CEO, Garrett Moon) In order to build the world's best all-in-one  content marketing  calendar (yep!),   needs to understand how modern blogging teams work. So,  the team  called, emailed, and Googled its way to understanding. The results are valuable. Content marketing and editorial teams are diverse, but 's research  concluded that there are really only two major types of team structures, and then two minor ones that branch off from there. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of these teams makes a huge difference in how you  manage and organize your own writing team.