Philip Randolph in civil right movement Essay Example for Free

Philip Randolph in obliging overcompensate movement EssayAsa Philip Randolph is well known for organizing labor power as well as for leading civil rights movement. 1889 born Randolph was an ardent spokesperson of non violent activism against the American racism which led the improvement of the position of blacks in 20th centaury. He hard believed that the black progress could be achieved through black working class. He always raised the voice for social justice which paved the way to his policy-making activism. From the college days, he began his mission. When he was in college, he started an employment agency with fellow student Chandler Owen, for those blacks who arrived in New York from South.After graduation, with the influence of W. E. B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk, Randolph joined the socialistic party and started addressing the crowd about socialism and importance of militant class consciousness. In 1917 he published the first issue of the magazine messenger whi ch was aft(prenominal) termed as one of the most brilliantly edited magazines in the history of American Negro journalism. In 1925, he formed an organization of Brotherhood of quiescency car porters in the wake of refusal of membership of blacks by American Federation Labor .The organization was consisting of those black porters worked for Pullman Company. The Pullman an employer of blacks denied the organization of the blacks in earlier period. There was a case of firing the employees who marched for wage increase and improve working conditions. Randolph as the president of Brotherhood of sleeping car porters laid down a dour and dignified negotiation meetings with Pullman authorities which led the sanction of the first union of black, Brotherhood of sleeping car porters and subsequent wage increase of $2 miilion. still Randolph could achieve a contract of railroad with this particular company in 1937. Randolph moved forward with the motto of complete equality and economic oppo rtunity for blacks . He explained his activities as the idea of separatism is harkening to the past and it is undesirable even if it could be realized, because the progess of mankind has been based upon contact and association, upon social, intellectual and cultural contact. (Ebony magazine, 1970)(1) A year after the successful negation with Pullman co.Randolph initiated an action to end the employment discrimination against blacks in the federal government . He put pressure on the President Franklin D. Roosewelt in this matter. barely he analyzed the recruitment process of US legions for World War II to put an end to racial discrimination. Since all the efforts regarding federal and soldiery hiring turned in vain, he carried out the famous 1941 march to upper-case letter with 50thousand blacks. Consequently Roosevelt issued an order banning discrimination in the defense ministry.Even though the committee established for improving the condition of the blacks, it could not meet the effective means of enacting it. The racial equality had continuously been violated. This pulled Randolph to move ahead with his civil right movement.He founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience against Military Segregation. He warned the Congressional committee that the black and white youth would be insisted to boycott the military if the condition of racial inequality mitigated. . The march on Washington went on. In 1942, at Detroit conference he called for the strategy and tactics of the people of India with mass civil disobedience and non-cooperation. In 1943, he insisted the delegates to adopt the policy of non-violent good-will direct action.He challenged President Harry Truman to take an effective action in this regard. Finally Truman issued other order to desegregate the military. In 1950s and 1960s also Randolph was actively participated in civil rights movement against the racial discrimination. Through march on Washington movement and the civil disobedienc e movement to end the segregation in military ,Randolph insisted the new generation of civil right activists that the violent protests are no longer a suitable way to attain the goal.It never mobilizes the public pressure. The movement recognized him by referring the chair of the March on Washington in which Martin Luther King Jr. rendered his famous I Have a Dream speech. In 1955, Randolph was elected as a vice president of the AFL-CIO. Asa Philip Randolph was a notability reformer. His vision and commitment is always inspiration for the young generation. Nobody can deny the fact that Randolphs firm and peaceful strategic ideas are the study factor which ultimately led success of his mission.

Identifying and preventing harm from deterioration in patients

Identifying and keep opening harm from deterioration in long-sufferingsThis bring down a line will discuss what a nurse needs to know in relation to identifying and preventing harm from deterioration in patients in a hospital ward setting. A review of current literature will be carried break in holy order to find the best available bear witness on the subject. The key issues arising from the literature will be criti pealy analysed to provide a balance and objective consideration of the strengths and limitations of current hold in relation to the recognition and conference of patient deterioration. Finally the study will substance abuse the picture to sample to make recommendations for practice in this ara and discuss the nurses role in the development of the new practices which could enhance the management of patient deterioration and ultimately chink safer tutelage for patients.Rationale for Subject ChoiceAs a student nurse about to become a registered and accountable practitioner, one of my main concerns is that I have the knowledge and skills to recognise deterioration in the condition of my patients and the ability to guide my concerns effectively to ensure they are seen promptly by a much(prenominal) senior clinician and any progress decline is prevented. Therefore my rationale for choosing to study this topic was to try to find evidence which would support me in contributing to safer thrill of needlelikely ill patients.BackgroundThe increasing complexity of health heraldic bearing, an ageing population and shorter length of stay, means that hospital patients today need a heightser take aim of grapple than ever before. Therefore, it is essential that hospital staff are equipped to recognise and manage deterioration ( subdivision of Health 2009). Many patients who experience cardiopulmonary block up show signs of deterioration for more than 24 hours before arrest, and it has been estimated that approximately 23,000 in-hospital card iac arrests in the United Kingdom (UK) could be avoided each year with better care (Smith et al 2006). Furthermore, evidence has shown that delays in recognising deterioration or inappropriate management gouge expiry in late treatment, avoidable admissions to intensive care and in many cases, unnecessary deaths National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) (2005) National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) (2007) (2007a). These studies highlighted the magnitude of the problem in the UK, they showed that hospital staff do not understand the disturbances in physiology affecting the sick patient, they frequently ignore signs of clinical deterioration and lack skills in the instruction execution of group O therapy, assessment of respiration and management of fluid balance NPSA (2007) (2007a). NCEPOD (2005) describeed that approximately 50% of ward based patients receive substandard care previous to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and 21-41% of ICU admissions are potentially avoidable. Analysis of 425 deaths that occurred in general acute hospitals in England showed that 64 deaths occurred as a result of patient deterioration not being recognised due to observations not being undertaken for a prolonged period leading to changes in vital signs not being detected, and delay in patients receiving medical checkup attention even when deterioration was detected (NPSA 2007). Despite considerable economic investment there is offerd evidence of suboptimal care and the Department of Health (DoH) (2009) have acknowledged that the recognition and management of acutely ill patients need attention. They say there are many factors influencing a patients ability to receive appropriate and timely care including the failure to seek advice, poor converse between professional groups, and a lack of clinical watchfulness for staff in training (DoH 2009). The following literature review will attempt to find evidence of the factors which contribute to sub optimal treatment of deterioration. belles-lettres ReviewA literature look to was undertaken victimisation the electronic databases CINAHL, ESCBO host, Internurse, Medline, Science Direct and Swetswise through the Liverpool John Moores University search engine, and withal the British Nursing advocate via Ovid victimisation the Royal College of Nursing search engine. The keywords used were deterioration, hospital deterioration, conversation of deterioration and early warning systems. A total of thirteen articles were found to be of use, two of these were published outside the UK (Australia and Italy) however after reading them it was decided that the evidence was relevant and they were deemed appropriate for use. As the study developed a further search was performed using the terms deterioration cocksuckers, communication tools, SBAR and RSVP communication tool two articles from this subsequent search were used in this study. Additionally and as mentioned to a higher place us eful references were also sought from the Department of Health, the National Patient Safety Agency, the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcomes and Death, and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. The search revealed the topic had been fairly come up researched, especially in recent years and the articles seemed to have stemmed from the reports by NPSA (2007) (2007a) and NICE (2007). Smith (2010) recently proposed a string of Prevention to assist hospitals in structuring their care processes to prevent and detect patient deterioration and cardiac arrest. The five rings of the chain represent staff education, monitoring, recognition, the call for help and the response and it was found that the themes of education, and recognition were well documented in the literature.Nurse EducationPreston and Flynn (2010) say in order to avoid unrecognised patient deterioration and therefore enhance patient safety nurses moldiness review their knowledge and skills in measurin g the physiological parameters of temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, oxygen intensiveness levels, and neurological function, and in particular identified the respiratory rate as a particularly sensitive indicator of clinical decline. In addition nurses also need to recognise the significance of physiological compensatory mechanisms that are activated in clinical deterioration, so they can report their findings accurately and with confidence to doctors and senior staff. Steen (2010) agrees that nurses remove the knowledge and skills to be able to provide critical care in the general ward setting, as accurate assessment using a organized approach can aid timely detection and intervention and can help to stabilise the individuals condition preventing organ dysfunction, multi organ failure and further deterioration, and so reducing morbidity and mortality rates and admission to ICU. However, Odell, Victor and Oliver (2009) feel that recognising deterioration of a war d patient and referring to critical care teams is a passing complex process, requiring skill, experience, and confidence. Preston and Flynn (2010) suggest that nurses can be helped to develop these skills by attending the Advanced Life Threatening Events Recognition and Treatment ( sprightly) menstruate, they considered the possibility of nurses undertaking the ALERT course whilst a student, they say this will help newly qualified nurses to promote their skills, abilities and rationale for recognizing and responding to patient deterioration. They also recommend the further development of acute disorder simulation programmes in both pre and post registration courses to help nurses to become more confident and expert in responding and reporting acute illness to medical and more senior staff. They say what is needed is a closer collaboration between education and health service partners to stomach these programmes and competent clinical training staff to facilitate these simulated exercises in a safe environment that utilises accurate patient scenarios, equipment and charts that are currently used in practice (Preston and Flynn 2009).MonitoringAccurate monitoring of patient condition featured highly in the literature. The NPSA (2007) revealed that in 14 of the 64 incident reports they studied, no observations had been made for a prolonged period before the patient died therefore vital signs such as blood pressure, pulse and respirations were not detected. But the literature revealed the crucial grandeur of regular observations in the recognition of deteriorating patients. Preston and Flynn (2010) said doing the observations is crucial for detecting early signs of deterioration in acute care as closely monitoring changes in physiological observations can identify abnormalities before a serious adverse event occurs. Early identification is important to reduce mortality, morbidity, length of stay in hospital and associated healthcare costs (NICE 2007). Presto n and Flynn (2010) also stipulated that close supervision of unqualified breast feeding staff doing the observations in acute care should be a high priority and should follow both the NICE (2007) guidelines and recommendations from the NSPA (2007) (2007a). However following an observation of care by Morris (2010) an issue was identified where observations were incomplete, with recording of respiratory rate and oxygen saturations omitted and although an early warning score chart had been used, a score had not been recorded (Morris 2010).RecognitionThe importance of nurses utilising an early warning system was highlighted. Cei, Bartolomei and Mumoli (2009) say using the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) when recording patient observations is a simple but highly useful tool to predict a worsened in-hospital outcome and aid identification of patients at risk of clinical adverse events such as cardiac arrest, sepsis and raised intracranial pressure. Nonetheless a study by Donohue and E ndacott (2010) revealed that participants did not look for trends in the MEWS data and few used MEWS data in the room it was intended i.e. it was used to sustain whether the patient met the trigger criteria, rather than as a routine component of assessment, the study found that MEWS was used infrequently, used too late and not employed to communicate patient deterioration. Mohammed, Hayton, Clements, Smith, and Prytherch (2009) felt the epoch-making advantage of an early warning or track and trigger system like MEWS was that they use a visual scale that gives a score if a physiological recording enters a colour zone. But they found that there are disadvantages to using these systems in practice if nurses add up the scores incorrectly. In their study (Mohammed at al 2009) found that calculating scores could be improved by using a handheld computer and this approach was more accurate, efficient and acceptable to nurses than using the traditional pen and paper methods in acute care. The Department of Health (2009) say early warning systems play a key role in the detection of deteriorating patients however, clinicians need to be aware that in some clinical situations these systems will not reflect clinical urgency (Department of Health 2009) and effective assessment skills essential be employed.Call for Help and ResponseThe NPSA (2007) report revealed that in 30 of the 64 incident reports they audited, despite recording vital signs, the importance of the clinical deterioration had not been recognised and/or no body process had been taken other than the recording of observations (NPSA 2007). This could be due to ineffective communication of the deterioration. The literature review showed that communication of deterioration was a more recently well documented subject. Steen (2010) Tait (2010) feel that a vital component of the management of the acutely ill patient is the ability to communicate intelligibly and precisely with all members of the multidisciplinar y team to aid timely and appropriate help and intervention for the patient. Still there is much evidence of communication breakdown between disciplines, Beaumont (2008) states communication between medical and nursing staff can be problematic, nurses may not communicate clearly enough and struggle to convey information in a manner that would convince doctors of the urgency of the situation, sometimes there is failure by doctors to perceive, understand or accept the source of nurses clinical and professional judgement, less experienced nursing staff might not feel comfortable or confident to call more senior staff because they fear doing the wrong thing or crossing occupational and hierarchical boundaries. These problems can result in conflict between professional groups as they attempt to work towards positive outcomes and may prevent patients from receiving assistance and support when required (Beaumont 2008). Endacott, Kidd, Chaboyer and Edington (2007) agree that formal divisions of labour and professional boundaries can cause gaps or discontinuities in patient care and feel communication between clinicians must improve. Donahue and Endacott (2010) say the failure of nurses to recruit senior support to deal with acutely ill patients is a contributing factor to the sub-optimal care of critically ill patient, it may be due to a lack of experience or knowledge on the part of the doctor but may as be due to the nurses inability to articulate the seriousness of the situation. Their data identified that nurses have an awareness of the need for a succinct story but they continue to make calls for assistance with little relevant information (Donohue and Endacott 2010).As stated above suboptimal communication between health professionals has been recognised as a significant causative factor in incidents compromising patient safety and the use of a structured method of communication has been suggested to improve the quality of information transmute (Marshall, Harri son and Flanagan 2009). A number of communication tools are available some hospitals use the SBAR (situation, background, assessment, recommendation) tool to structure conversations between members of the multidisciplinary team, which uses standardised questions to prompt the conveyor of information to sell the necessary details (Steen 2010). In a simulated clinical scenario Marshall et al (2009) described the positive effect of this method on students ability to communicate clear telephone referrals. However, Featherstone, Chalmers and Smith (2008) feel that SBAR is not a memorable acronym and they prefer the use of the RSVP (Reason, Story, Vital Signs, Plan) system used in the ALERT course as framework for the communication of deterioration, the authors say SBAR does not easily slip off the tongue, and RSVP is much easier to remember in an emergency. They say the reason for the call can be explained in clear simple language, and the story gives a time line of important events, th ey feel nurses will be familiar with a news report style of communication and are used to giving a brief summary as part of the handover process. The vital signs must be given in figures, and can include the early warning score, or summarized in words that convey the deterioration effectively and the plan for the patient should be outlined by the caller or expected from the receiver (Featherstone et al 2008). Smith (2010) says the use of standardised method of communication, such as the RSVP system will improve communication about patient decline.Recommendations for PracticeConstant change within the National Health Service is essential to advance care quality and ensure the supply patient focused care that is evidenced based. Ensuring the latest and best available evidence is put into practice is a is a crucial way of ensuring that plenty get the treatments and services that are the most effective and will have the best health outcomes, it ensures that the public funding that su pports the NHS is used wisely and that the treatments and services offered are cost effective, and both of these factors lead to the provision of clinically effective care. Everyone involved in healthcare provision must ensure quality is enhanced and must be willing to change current practices for the benefit of patients. Nurses have a professional responsibility to keep up to date with changes and developments within their field and to deliver care based on the best available evidence or best practice (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008). Larrabees (2009) Model for Evidence Based Practice reassign suggests that there are six steps towards utilizeing change in practice, firstly practitioners should assess need for change in practice, and this study has found evidence which clearly points to the need for changes in practice in order to reduce avoidable harm to patients. The next steps of Larabees Model (2009) are to locate the best evidence, and critically analyse the evidence, and from the evidence found in this study it is evident there are several recommendations for changes in practice which would help nurses in acute care to develop their skills in recognising and reporting deterioration. To keep the train of Prevention suggested by Smith (2010) strong he suggests that staff education, monitoring, recognition, the call for help and the response must all be robust in order to prevent harm from unrecognised and unassisted illness. Recommendations to enhance these areas would be to ensure that the recognition of life arduous illness is taught from an early stage in a nurses career by attending the ALERT course earlier in their training and by the teaching of patient scenarios in the clinical area and facilitated by staff who are trained in critical care. With regards to the call for help and the response rings of the Chain of Prevention (Smith 2010), it has been shown that the use of communication tools help nurses to get an earlier response when calling for assistance, so it seems sensible to implement the standard use of a communication tool in acute care when communicating deterioration. The next step in Larabees Model for Change (2009) is to design the practice change, and it is recommended that use of the RSVP communication tool (see appendix) should become hospital protocol when calling for assistance this is because it is easy to remember and it is used as part of the ALERT course which many acute care nurses have attended. Nurses should receive training on the use of this tool and it should be displayed near the telephone in every acute area. In order to implement and evaluate this change, which are the next steps in the Model (Lara bee 2009) a nurse should firstly let people know about it, this can be done by using various means of communication i.e. trust intranet, ward meetings, discussion with senior nursing staff and managers. They must then get people to take on the change by involving enthusiastic team members and org anising a pilot test of the use of the RSVP tool. Crucially the rate in which more senior practitioners respond must be audited find out if the tool is on the job(p) in practice and if not why not, is more information or training required is the tool not displayed clearly enough. The final step of the Model for Change (Larabee 2009) is to integrate and maintain the change in practice, to do this a nurse must ensure all new staff are trained to use the system and continuously evaluate its use to ensure it is working in practice.ConclusionThis study has highlighted the evidence base and resources available to support nurses in contributing to safer care of acutely ill patients it has found that in order to facilitate accurate detection of changes in condition, nurses working in acute care must acknowledge the importance of observations and early warning systems in the identification of patients at risk of adverse events and ensure patients are assessed using a sound knowledge of phys iological compensatory mechanisms, to enhance this knowledge they should attend an ALERT course, the evidence pointed to nurses attending these courses early in their career and that clinical scenarios could also help increase their knowledge of acute illness. It was found that communication tools help nurses when calling for senior assistance and the implementation of a standard tool within acute hospital settings could help to prevent harm from deterioration.

Functions and Elements of Self Organising Networks

Functions and Elements of Self Organising intercommunicatesCHAPTER 1In this chapter I exit be discussing about the main functions of word of honor, its comp unmatchednts, elements and how does it atomizes the whole LTE earnings infra coordinate. I have organised this chapter in the following way and will explain each of the component respectively.OAMAutomatic Configuration Featuresneighbor RelationAutomatic Neighbour Relation concentrate onsingConnectivity solicitudeSelf TestAutomatic InventorySo, lets get started with the detain explanation, description and working of the OAM formation first.1OAM (Operation, presidential term and direction)1.1IntroductionOAM stands for Operation, Administration and Management systems. As we have discussed in the earlier chapters that most of the meshing operations today is controlled and screwd by a central entity which is known as the OAM system. Mainly in a centralized system architecture in completely the Self-Configuration, Self-Op timization and Self-Healing operations argon controlled through the OAM system. In the adjoining paragraph a brief description of what functions does the Operation, Administration and Management system take c be of is explained.Operations system deals in both the administration and counseling systems. It is basically a centralized control structure which keeps coordination between both the other systems. Administration system as it stands control all the administrative tasks like internets design, assignment of addresses, keeping communicate up to regard and other administrative functions. And lastly the Maintenance system maintains and keeps the engagement running through keeping check of all the elements, executing sequester diagnostic functions, observe electronic network and resetting the components or whole network if required. All these components work parallel to keep the network in operational state.1.2computer architectureFor any network to operate optimally it is very necessary to keep check on all the elements. The operator of network should have a system through which he squeeze out draw in sure that there is no fault and network is running normally. In the figure 1.1 below a high level OAM architecture architecture is represented.OAM Architecture Fig1.1As it is clear through fig 1.1 that OAM has further devided management works and allow ford dedicated servers to each management layer to deal with its functions. All the management servers serves their corresponding invitees layer by layer to perform the management tasks. Network protocols has been defined at each embrasure onto the Network Element or cease user for act of effortless management functions.Though the architecture diagram we can conclude two main logical functions that devides the OAM according to their functions and roles. These functions are inclined below,Network Management functionElement Management functionMainly in the network managements systems, OAM is addr essed as the entity which controls, maintains and configures the network. The term OAM is employ in the 3GPP documentation for the network management functions. As five main sub-functions of Network Management Systems are derived from the main functions of OAM and hence NMS is also reffered as the OAM systems in many contexts. OAM when demand lot of provisonal functions thusly it is known as the OAMP, P stands for provision in this situation. The functional elements of Network Management System is given in the figure 1.2 below.Fig 1.2In the next part I will be discussing two very primary(prenominal) management functions related to the OAM architecture and those are as follows,1.3Element Management System (EMS)As we know network element is an entity composed of the physical hardware. Processes and executions are performed on those physical devices to provide service the users. Therefore, a management technique to manage these elements of the network is known as the Element Manage ment System. The management system a very broad topic just I will keep focus on the main components which integrates with the SON technique for the optimization of jail cellular networks. As we can see in the fig 1.1 the Network management system collects all the data from EMS and EMS gathers all useful measurements for the NE respectively. The difference is NMS mainly execute the aggregated measurements from NEs to accomplish required functions but EMS works on individual NE at a time. Below is the high-level architecture of the EMS and the components it interacts with. Fig 1.2Furthermore, I would give a brief description of the components shown in the fig 1.2 above. The EMS connects to the NMS server to provide all the tranquil and aggregated information or measurement from the network elements. NMS makes decisions based on these collected data from EMS. The client is used to show or present the data to user with a user friendly graphic user interface. The operator can login t hrough the client to configure and maintain network when needed. The database function is to store all the usable measurements and information. These measurements are used when a fault occurs in the Network Element. Evaluating and comparing the network performances with these measurements give a pure(a) sight of what might be causing the errors in the network. And the last component which is the Network Element is same we have discussed earlier, a physical device used to execute all the processes and functions.A question that arises here is that the network elements can be managed and configured through accessing the devices itself so why do we need a central Element Management System? Therefore, the need of this management function is explained as follows.1.3.1Requirement of EMSNetwork are getting very complex as untested functionalities and services are added very frequently. And with that, new vendors and service providers are introducing themselves in market. As the network si ze is enhancing the operations at the network element end is also increasing. This operation management demands high cost and effort. Therefore, to minimize the cost, effort and a centralized solution to manage the networks were provided by the 3GPP. An appropriate and user-friendly interface is very vital to perform and manage managerial tasks with ease. Some main issues which the operators of telecom companies were facing are described in the next paragraph.Firstly, Due to the growing of fresh network elements and services there was a need to provision diverse elements from different vendors. For example, even in a single network GSM, UMTS and LTE can work side by side therefore a management system was required which can gather all the data from all the network elements. Secondly, the complexity issues were raising as of now many multiple functionalities are merging into one single functionality which makes the network complex. And lastly but the most important is the cost. The c ost associated in dealing with each element individually was very high, therefore to manage complete network and its services remotely and through a central entity which has all the data and measurements from all the network elements can reduce huge costs.Progressing through EMS now I will explain the functions and services EMS provides to the network and how it interacts with its upper layer that is the Network Management System.1.3.2Functions of EMSElement Management System basically manages the base stations that is eNodeBs in the LTE network architecture in treaty with SON. The main functions which EMS features while managing the network elements are given below.1.3.2.1Provisioning and Installation of NEWhen a base station that is eNodeB is connected to a power station but not yet configured and basic setup is not initiated, eNodeBs at this depute needs to connect to the network to perform basic functions. So, the Self-Configuration function of SON is initiated to make a conj unctive, eNodeB for connectivity requires an IP-address and OAM support to start functionating. For obtaining basic contour line and parameter settings the eNodeB connects to the OAM system. instanter the EMS element in the OAM must provision, support and provide these basic configuration settings to the eNodeB. The EMS checks is they can provide the service base station is asking for. The inventory management server is checked for this purpose. Once the resources are available and identified the configurations are uploaded onto the base stations and correct parameters are set up. At this point the network elements are ready to be interconnected with the network and start functioning. This technique is used in the Self-Configuration function of SON for the basic connectivity with the network. Furthermore, this function of EMS also maintains the backup and restore points for the network element. Downloading, installing the patches and newly updated software on the eNodeBs are handle d by the EM system too.The inventory system database in the EM system contains all the required parameter settings used by the eNodeBs for the self-configuration and gondola-connectivity once cater on. Every element in the modern telecom services are automated through SON and a technician is only needed when something couldnt be intractable automatically. At that point the engineer or operator just login through the EMS graphical user interface and handles all the faults and errors with ease.1.3.2.2Managing User terminals and maintaining QOSIn a grand scale network, there are thousand of base stations and thousands of user-equipment are connected to these base stations. Therefore, to manage this big network is not easy at the operators end. The capital expenditure to deploy base stations and then the operational expenditure to maintain each single base station requires huge step of cost and with cost excessive human effort is required to maintain base stations. Therefore, EM sy stem manages these user terminals by gathering the statistics of all the users cell through cell and saves these measurements into the database. So, the message status between the base station and UE are attained in the shape of statistical reports. The vital data collected in these statistics are given below,All the successful calls.All the failed calls.Dropped calls.Successful HOs.Failed HOs.The traffic capacity that is throughput.By gaining all these important statistics from the network the EM system analyzes and makes appropriate decisions when needed. Not only this but EMS uses these measurements to maintain the Quality of Service too.1.3.2.3Network Support Network support mainly aims in the activities related to the maintenance of the network. And as discussed earlier operators goal is to decrease the cost as much as they can. As much the network is well managed and well driven the cost will decrease. So, quality of management systems is inversely proportion to the cost. With the cost, there is one more concern that operators are facing and that is the lack of professional technicians. And both concerns can be mitigated through the automatic solutions. Therefore, automatic network systems reduce human intervention and cuts the cost too. And for the support of network automatically EMS functionalities are evolved. Main functionality that EMS provides for the network support are given below.Debugging and resolving software issues such as bugs and errors. EMS provides a method to automatically resolve these errors remotely.All the security statistics are handled by EMS which the network requires to handle and secure vital information and data.All the network faults and issues at the element level are mitigated through the EMS. As Network management system deals with the combined data and information from several network elements. But the EMS takes charge and record of each Element individually.And lastly EMS allows operators to login to the specific node f or the purpose of upgradation or changing parameters. The operator does not have to go physically to the base station and login through its internal interface.1.3.2.4Monitoring of NetworksThe supervise of networks is mainly through with(p) on the Network Management System but some of its function is executed on the EMS. EMS supports the NMS through some of its functionalities for the monitoring and control. First, we need to understand that monitoring of networks is executed on NMS and portions of these functions are performed on the EMS level. The EMS layer is below the NMS layer and therefore it provides major feeds to the layers above it. The monitoring systems main tasks which hones the network are given in the figure 1.3 below. Fig 1.3The 3GPP defines standards of OAM with very classified specification. And it is very clear that the OAM specification gives ease in implementing the management system for the network. There are other network management specifications like TMF b ut the 3GPP specification about the OAM is very broad and revolves around some specific function or technology. The specifications, standards, specifications and how does 3GPP uses SON to optimize networks are explained in the last chapter of this paper that is 3GPP specifications and its interaction with SON.1.4Network Management System (NMS)The network management system in the OAM architecture is capable of managing the complete network in a combined method that is, managing of radio transmissions, core networks and the base stations. NMS manages all these entities on one single platform. And due to the capability of managing everything on one single node the cost and human effort is decreased exponentially. There is a term used in the management system called FCPS which stands for Fault, Configuration, Performance and credential Management. And this function works on all the layers of the OAM model. On every layer, it has different function but the general explanation of FCPS is explained in the last portion of this topic. Basically, how NMS functions is explained in the example below,Lets consider there is a fault detected on the NE. Because whenever an event occurs network element generates a log which notifies EMS of the event occurrence. EMS would collect these statistics from the NE. Now NMS responsibility is to tackle the issue and take corrective measures. To accomplish these goals NMS correlates the statistics from different NE and different events, this technique helps the NMS to discover the issue or fault by comparing different statistics. A real-time example of NMS working could be of a disconnection scenario between a base station and the media gateway. Logs and stats screening the connection lost will be generated on the elements of both base stations and the MGW. As base station and MGW are two different network elements and EMS ever record the stats of specific network element individually. So, it might collect the stats from the base stat ion or the MGW, but the Network Management System at this point records data from both the elements and then correlate them. Therefore, in the scenarios defined above the stats and logs from base station and MGW can be analyzed together which makes the work on NMS level easy to find the actual problem in the network. And when the problem is diagnosed NMS takes the proper corrective measure to mitigate the issue which EMS can not do by just gathering the logs of one network element. This is a case specific function of how NMS tackles the issues. The other functions and activities NMS performs to optimize the network are given in the next percentage.1.4.1Activities performed by NMSAll the main activities that the NMS performs prior to any maintenance instructions or corrective measures are given below.Learn about all the elements available in the network. It works in two ways, manual discovery which is done by the operator and the second is automatic element discovery. In an auto dis covery mode, this management system automatically discovers and identifies all the network elements and assign IPs to the particular element which requires it. The manual discovery is executed by the operator and manage the network elements that is assign IP addresses to the elements and discover all the elements in the network through the application menu.Gathering all the faulty data. The reason this activity is plan to be executed after the network elements discovery is to associate the faulty information with the specific element and components which are causing the error. In the NMS software, all the ascertained elements form a tree type structure and hence associating the correct statistics with the corresponding element assists in debugging the fault.Collecting all the performance statistics and data. The faulty data discussed above is sent to the NMS only when they arise but on the other hand the performance logs and stats are stored in the files of network element itself. And these stats are downloaded on the NMS from the NE at the periodic intervals.User Authentications. All the internal user in the NMS needs to be authenticated for the security reasons. There are commands in NMS which can collapse the vital network components which can cause affect on whole network therefore, robust security needs to be employ on the NMS.Collecting other configurations and data. The last activity executed by the NMS prior to start managing and maintenance of the networkall the other statistics and configurations in the element required in the NMS to execute any function is also collected from the NE.So, when all the elements are discovered and prerequisite activities have been executed successfully the NMS is the all set for the management and maintenance tasks of the network. These functions, maintenance, corrective measures, fault detection etc. are performed by analyzing the earlier collected data from the NE. Main functions of the NMS includes outlining the fl ow of information, provisioning of network, troubleshooting, configured elements maintenance, making appropriate decisions for the optimal utilization of resources etc. The problem which sometimes arises is the parameter or configuration changes in the network elements. These changes must be updated on the NMS so that it can find an appropriate solution when required. Therefore, network elements are rediscovered at periodic intervals so that the most current statistics and data could be known to the EMS.The next section would comprise of the NMS general architecture and the components which reside in the NMS. Description and explanation of these components are also given in the section below.1.4.2NMS Architecture

Macro Environmental Forces Slept Analysis Marketing Essay

Macro Environmental Forces Slept Analysis Marketing EssayThe financial crisis initiated four years ago has been the priming coat for purchasing cuts on all dispensable products. Bottled peeing has been perceived as one of them and, therefore, its consumption has slightly decreased (Mintel, 2012). Consumers are not expectlelike any more(prenominal) to pay for unnecessary goods and services, especially, those which can be substituted for some other alternatives, for instance, the consumption of tap body of weewee in replace of bottled water. This could suggest that the issue has influenced the consumers instinct by inciting them to drink tap water sort of than to spend extra money on aroundthing which can be obtained for an extremely cheap price. Thus, the companies rise up themselves in a position where they need to reduce the price of their products in order to keep the business afloat.According to the newspaper reporter Smithers (2009) from the Guardian, the immediate impact of this opinion crunch meant a declination of 9 % on number of bottles sold in the UK.http//www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/mar/23/bottled-water-sales-fallThe companies have needed to find a reason which could motivate consumers to appreciate the benefits of bottled water and, hence, motivate them to purchase it as the economy has become an issue preventing its sales even though it is currently showing a slow improvement (The Guardian, 2012).http//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/oct/25/british-economy-recessionLEGAL FACTORSSpecification of components and labelling requirementsBottled water companies production in the UK is restricted by laws at European and national train which not only concern with the protection of consumers but also the protection of the environment (Bottled water information, no date).The Food standard legislation is one of those regulations and it defends the rights of the consumers from beingness mislead when purchasing a food produ ct (Food Standards Agency, no date). As a result, bottled water producers are obliged to state the components of the water ensuring the customers awareness of them.The labels of their products essential specify these constituents. However, the requirements and rules on the positioning and labelling are different depending on the water category natural mineral water, bottled drinking water and spring water (Mendip regularize Council, 2010).http//www.mendip.gov.uk/CouncilService.asp?id=SX9452-A7808400Natural mineral waters must come from a recognised underground source and can only be subject to very hold in treatments. Any water labelled spring water must come from an underground source and meet certain exploitation and labelling requirements but does not need to be from an officially recognised source. Bottled drinking can come from any water source and has fewer labelling restrictions than the other two categoriesDepartment of Environment, Food and folksy Affairs (no date).The aim of this regulation is to stop the example of ozone-enriched air, in the case of the spring water, as disinfectant treatment and to ensure a better wellnesscare by reducing the toxic substances.The bottled water producers have to hold back sure to follow these rules before placing their products in the market place.Regulations to reduce environmental impactsBottled water may be a serious impact on the environment and, for that reason there are existing harsh rules which determine the dash companies have to draw in order to maintain the impact to the lowest.Companies have to ensure they use the natural resources in a sustainable way (Bottled water information UK, no date) because the situation has come to a stage where their contribution in pollution is really significant. The production of plastic bottles and the transportation of water have actively modify the medium. Every year more than 3.5 billion pounds of PET plastic bottles come to be roadside litter, worthless mat erial (Hays, no date, p15)and another larger quantity is burned liberating harmful pollutants into the atmosphere.Some companies have tried to improve their cross image by launchinginitiatives with environmental words like plastic neutral and zero waste. However, campaigners still believe that generating and eliminate plastic bottles are catastrophic to the environment in any circumstance (Manchester Evening News, 2009).The Environmental Agency, the entry standing for the care of the environs, has dictated the Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 which controls this liberation of contaminants into the air from large and multiple industrial operations (Environment Agency, no date).The bottled water producers are forced to find a way not to surpass these established limits as their infringement could lead to serious consequences.POLITICAL FACTORSThis industry has constantly been affected by a succession of negative impacts as it has been seen previously. However, it has also t aken prefer of opportunities which have been presented through positive factors. One of these opportunities is the health report given by the giving medication which remarks the importance of drinking water, being hydrated .This health report is the new selling strategy that the business needed in order to re-position itself in the market.Consumers pose to take more consideration for their health. Nonetheless, the main target that the government is intending to appeal is children as the obesity and other health issues are rapidly increasing in their sector (National Health Service Information Centre, 2012, p24) .They want to influence them to follow a healthier lifestyle.http//www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/003_Health_Lifestyles/OPAD12/Statistics_on_Obesity_Physical_Activity_and_Diet_England_2012.pdfThe Health Protection Agency, a department which concerns with the health issues, wants to prevent and significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality arising from gastrointest inal disorders and other health effects, by ensuring that adequate measures are taken to improve access to gum elastic and affordable water and adequate sanitation for all childrenHealth Protection Agency (no date).This is a clear chance for the bottled water producers to stand and succeed generating a product which appeals to this particular target audition. Different sizes of bottles which can fit in their hands or in their launch box. Moreover, it has helped to create new advertising campaigns that raise and highlight the gains obtainable from bottled water, for example, Nestls pure life 2011 advertising campaign (YouTube, 2011).http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=oS5P9Y-ah3sSOCIAL FACTORSThe bottled water industry has witnessed certain social aspects occurred in the outside world which have sometimes jeopardized its place in the beverage market. Nevertheless, some others factors have also become new doors for the business to expand.The conditions of tap water and its taste have cau sed a growth of tension among people. Consequently, consumers have started demanding something purer with nutrients and vitamins (McQueeney, 2012). It is then that the bottled water producers have realized the need of creating a product which suits the requests of this particular subject of customer. They have understood their message by launching a range of bottled waters with different flavours widening, in this way, their choice (Jones, 2009). Volvic is clear example of one of those companies which has grasped this opportunity.http//www.beveragedaily.com/Markets/Flavour-and-function-triumph-in-bottled-water-market other revolutionary social fact that changed the industry is the rise of body/health consciousness (NamNews, 2010). Society has become increasingly obsessed with their body shape to the transport of being selective with the food and the drinks they consume.Food and drink production companies noticed that a place was being created for products low in calories which me ant a new way to develop business (Public Relations Web, 2012). The bottled water market is one of the industries that considered that it was coming to be a sizeable and relevant market. Therefore, they strived to find a way to touch on fitness with water (Forsyth, 2010). They created advertising campaigns where the characters (with great bodies) were involved in some kind of sport or activity. They were effective because people started to perceive water as indispensable for active life. However, there still was the need to portray that, to have the best of the bodies, the best water had to be consumed. That is exactly what Evian did.http//www.prweb.com/releases/food_additives_acidulants/fat_replacers_sweeteners/prweb10148697.htmhttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11813975The french brand Evian recognised the growing, wider health and fitness trend and exploited it to the full by marketing their bottled water the ultimate health and wellness productForsyth, H. (2010).Bottled water w as at a time being included as part of the shopping list and its demand has rapidly increased as people live a more right life (BBC Two, 2010).http//www.kamcity.com/namnews/asp/newsarticle.asp?newsid=41408https//release.worc.ac.uk/watch.php?r=ZC72HMLNTECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSFor any bottled water fellowship, the expense to generate its products requires constant analysis at all levels. The extensive companies keep fair stronger, coercing the suppliers to enhance quality and productivity but diminishing bes (Pall Corporation, 2006). This could be possible with the apparition of a new revolutionary way of production that could in truth strain that The hollow fiber membrane technology.http//d2xjwcgentlu24.cloudfront.net/pdfs/Food-and-Beverage/Bottled_Water_App_Bulletin.pdfThis innovation is based on the separation of both gassy and liquid elements. It has been demonstrated that the membranes work in water treatment. As a result, its development still proceeds. Nevertheless, there are few remaining problems that need to be solved (Stanford Research Institute International, no date). The European Commission (2010, p9) also agrees with that. For that reason, it also emphasizes the relevance of this problem which makes it point of focus in its investigation.http//www.sri.com/work/projects/advanced-hollow-fiber-membrane-water-purificationhttp//ec.europa.eu/research/environment/pdf/membrane-technologies.pdfMICRO-ENVIRONMENTAL FORCESThe bottled water industry has go about some internal aspects occurring in its environment which have been harnessed appropriately in order to help the business boost its sales competitive advantage within the soft drink market, convenience of bottled water, rise of focus on better healthcare, increase of eco-friendly interest ,etc (Mintel, 2012).COMPETITORSThe successful outcome and behaviour of a company depend on the competition level in its market (Oxford University Press, 2007). Thus, companies must identify their relevant competitor s in order to generate the most efficient marketing strategy to obtain profits and also help them become the leading company in their product category.The bottled water producers have made sure to achieve a developed competitive advantage which has helped them gain position (Mintel, 2012). For that reason, it is wrong to believe that tap water is the industry main competitor.Bottled water is currently occupying a high position in the market competing in the same level as soft drinks. It has maintained competitive prices by offering the minimum cost which has proved to be effective as it continues to be appealing to those customers seeking value for money (Mintel, 2012).The soft drink industry has struggled to sell its products due to the inauspicious publicity causing consumers to change their drink choices for healthier ones (Highbeam Business, 2012). This has meant a huge opportunity for the bottled water brands to gain popularity over their competitors. That is the reason why so me macroscopical distributors of soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi, have realized the need to also get involved in the distribution of bottled water (i.e. Dasani, Aquafina) with the interest of expanding the business (McWilliams, 2010). However, some have succeeded in this purpose more than others.Today bottled water is the fastest-growing beverage category in the world (FiberWater, no date) despite their rivals try hard other strategies to recover their losses and regain market share.CUSTOMERSThe number of consumers that see their lives as time-pressured grows every day (Mintel, 2012). According to this fact, convenience becomes an important factor influencing their decisions when purchasing a drink or a food product (Wales, 2009). That explains the growth of microwave dinners, drive-thru windows and online purchasing of groceries. However, there are other reasons that make bottled water convenient. When people barter for it, what they are buying it is not the water so muc h as the bottle, what they are buying is the convenience of the package at that moment (Fisherman, 2010). If one finds himself in a situation where there is need of drinking water while being out (without availability of tap water), the first thing that would come to encephalon is to buy a bottle of water from the nearest store. In short, this suggests that what the industry is actually selling is the benefits of the product (portable, opportune at the needed time) which is what the customer wants, rather than product itself.The focus of the customers on convenience is good news for the industry as they gradually switch to the appropriateness of the beverage (Australasian bottled water institute, no date) with the all-inclusive variation of leisure activities, travelling and also the growth of life out home.http//www.bottledwater.org.au/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=ASP0003/ccms.r?PageId=5002SEGMENTATION, TARGETING POSITIONINGThe bottled water companies need to recognize and describ e their potential markets. They need to scatter them down into different segments using demographic variables, psychographic variables and/or behavioural variables. Once this step is fulfilled, they have to evaluate the relevant segments and decide which ones to target. Finally, they design the product which meets the requirements of their targeted audience (Adcock et al., 2001).The market can possibly be divided by using different variables. However, the most relevant for the bottled water industry is probably the behavioural variables non-users, light, sustain or heavy users (E-learn portal, 2012). For example, according to Euromonitor (2002) the bottled water consumption was heavy in Italy with an average of 155 litres per person a year while it was light in Finland with an average of 14 litres per person.http//www.elearnportal.com/courses/business/consumer-behavior/consumer-behavior-market-segmentationhttp//www.nationmaster.com/graph/foo_bot_wat_con-food-bottled-water-consumpt ionEVIANEvian is UK leading brand specialized in the distribution of bottled water (BBC, 2012). It is part of the product mix supplied by the French company Danone.http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-19743806The brand is generally aimed at heavy mineral water drinkers (Nielsen, 2009). However, on a detailed basis, Evian targets people of all ages mums, babies, children, seniors and also people who carry an active lifestyle (Evian PET bottles), for example, students. Moreover, it also aims at restaurants, hotels and nightclubs as that explains the existence of Evian glass bottles (Evian, no date).A lot of people would say water does not offer too many opportunities. Nevertheless, Evian has achieved positioning its brand in the tribute market by gaining from every parent concerned for the health of their newborns (Michael, 2012). Evian uses a unique brand communication which proves to be effective. It was clearly reflected on their advertising campaign under the sl ogan Live Young (Lab Brand, 2009).Brand Positioning on Emotional Benefitshttp//www.labbrand.com/brand-source/evian-strives-brand-differentiation-build-brand-equityEVIANS MARKETING MIXPRICEEvian wants the customers to distinguish their product as being a luxury from Mother Nature consequently, they price it at the premium level (Fisher, 2012). This is due to the reliance they have developed over the years since the establishment of the brand. The price is what gives standard to their product line (Kapferer, 2008).The following image gives an topic of the average price of Evians product line in Tesco.Figure 1 Evian brand price at Tesco (My supermarket 2012).PLACEEvian clearly distributes its bottles through supermarkets, such as, Tesco, Asda, Waitrose, Ocado and Sainsburys (My supermarket, 2012). Similarly, they use some smaller retailers as their supply channel as it is a wider way to reach their customers.In some occasions, the brand may also be placed in vending machines as it can be seen in the picture below.http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcRL-LKivJKsbaGbwI7qTyEq0EG-7BkObbtFCXPi_ykx8sFpS33eoQFigure 2 Evian bottles in a vending machine (Source Google, 2011). reapingThe brand offers ranges of bottles suited to each of their different target audiences. For example, the PET bottles for sports practitioners and the glass bottles for the restaurants. It is noticeable that the firm uses different materials to generate its bottles plastic bottles, resistant to movement, and glass bottles, more delicate, sign of sophistication (Evian, no date). In addition, Evian offers its water in bottles of different sizes adapted to the convenience of the customer.http//www.evian.com/files/contents/38/bottles_PET_BE.pngFigure3 Evian bottles in different sizes (Source Evian, no date). forwardingIt uses different ways to communicate its message to the target audience with the interest of creating a connection between them and the product. Some of the various effective techni ques they utilize to make that possible are brand endorsement and advertising through different channels. In addition, the brand is sponsor of sport icons like Maria Sharapova (The drum, 2012).Figure 5 Evians billboard advert (Source Google 2012).Figure 4 Evians brand endorsement (Source AdWeek 2006).http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSwg1SFW7p_fwN4mSlHvY0Pdu9WHXFWizkyTgMIYXuRCfBouuoqCYvGtj1bSA http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQ9zwxjho_G7ARm8PA5qhZORnp-MylAVKZVyPCrw_cIxunvbXiKLwhttp//liamsmarketingandprblog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/analysis-and-swot-analysis-of-one-brand.htmlhttp//books.google.co.uk/books?id=8PoItiB7bicCpg=PA235lpg=PA235dq=evian-+premium+pricesource=blots=ewZc0xoEWBsig=_b3qj2975SIOafxq1j49xu89Ldghl=ensa=Xei=NO61UO_yLYiH0AW69YHoBgved=0CFkQ6AEwBgv=onepageq=evian-%20premium%20pricef=falsehttp//www.mysupermarket.co.uk/brands/evian_in_tesco.htmlhttp//www.mysupermarket.co.uk//tesco-price-comparison/mineral_water/evian_natural_still_mineral_water_2l.htmlhttp//www.g oogle.co.uk/imgres?q=Evian+bottles+in+a+vending+machineum=1hl=ensa=Ntbo=dbiw=1366bih=653tbm=ischtbnid=Ut337L89YKN7rMimgrefurl=http//vintage.johnnyjet.com/folder/ roll/France-South-Nice-Aix-en-Provence-DiScala-Wedding-Chateau-Grimaldi-Best-Western-2011-7.htmldocid=Wxlz77d416FJLMimgurl=http//vintage.johnnyjet.com/photos-2011/Nice-France-June-2011-176.jpgw=640h=480ei=SOu5UJXeGcLF0QWAqIHIAwzoom=1iact=rcdur=399sig=113099667739855397104page=1tbnh=143tbnw=212start=0ndsp=23ved=1t429,r22,s0,i157tx=131ty=95http//www.evian.com/en_GB/54-evian-PET-bottlesJames Blake is cool, but can he heat up?http//www.google.co.uk/imgres?q=evian+billboard+adsstart=185hl=ensa=Xtbo=dbiw=1366bih=653tbm=ischtbnid=Op4ec1VRnuLuXMimgrefurl=http//www.artrick-playground.com/article/Evian-T-Shirts-Are-Back/3247/1024811docid=4RFzSZrgBnMPyMimgurl=http//www.artrick-playground.com/static/images/3247/Evian-T-Shirts-Are-Back_1024811_profile.jpgw=440h=330ei=XuO5UP2CGqrQ0QWln4GgBgzoom=1iact=hcvpx=1066vpy=301dur=485hovh=194hovw= 259tx=147ty=66sig=113099667739855397104page=8tbnh=149tbnw=214ndsp=34ved=1t429,r78,s100,i58http//www.thedrum.com/news/2012/06/28/evian-extends-sponsorship-deals-maria-sharapova-and-wimbledon

Alone, by Lisa Gardner :: essays research papers

Alone, by Lisa Gardner, is a story about a police sniper, Bobby, who was called to a warrantor situation and ends up taking actions he will later regret. What you see at first glance is non always what it really is. Bobby thought he saw one thing happening in the house on that night, but the truth was something he could never imagine. In November 1998 Catherine Gagnon had reached her final string. Lives were about to flip-flop with beneficial the pull of a trigger. Bobby didnt know that when he pulled that trigger he was going to be pulled into a whole tangle of lies and secrets. Bobby and Catherines lives ar about to collide and become their worst nightmare.Bobby Dodge had been out for another night on the job when they got the call from Catherine Gagnon. Bobby was a very well esteem member of the Massachusetts State Police Special Tactics and Operations (STOP) Team for six years. He was good at his job and this call was just another routine night for him, or so he thought. Ca therine Gagnon had a very disturbing childhood. She was kidnapped and kept in a man-made four-by-six pri male child build just for her. She stayed in the silence and in the dark for twenty-eight days wondering when her keeper would come back and she would be tossed around and played with ilk a rag doll. She was rescued on November 18, by hunters, and was dubbed the Thanksgiving Miracle. Catherine grew up but keeping this deep secret with her all along. She married Jimmy Gagnon, the son of a very powerful judge in Boston. Their marriage had not been all it was made out to be. When Bobby arrived at their house it appeared that Jimmy had been holding Catherine and their son, Nathan, security in their house and had a gun. Bobby was good at his job he saw the signs of danger and fired. The threat was over. But for Bobby, the trouble was just beginning. Judge Gagnon was not very happy with the news of his son being shot and was going to try to press charges on Bobby for murder. He did n ot like his daughter-in-law and was convinced she was cause to be perceived his grandchild, Nathan. Nathan always seemed to be sick. Bobby had no idea who he was shooting when he pulled that trigger, he just knew he was saving a life.

The Dutch Attack on Landguard Fort Essay -- Papers

The Dutch Attack on Landguard Fort Q 1. Source A tells us that the Dutch attacked with about one-thousand men, in five-hundred small vessels and landed near Felixstowe cliff. Many of these soldiers had pikes. Silas Taylor, the author of the source, says that some part of the Dutch army attacked the fort, which is an early feature of the rear guard left behind. This also points to a possible reason for the failure of the attack, in that the Dutch did not attack with the full force of their army. He says that one English soldier was killed, two were wounded and that the Dutch made two attacks. He says the Dutch attacked boldly, besides were as boldly and resolutely answered. However, he could be saying that the Dutch attacked boldly to make the English defence sound even better. We are told that the Dutch were put to fright and flight by the small guns from a galliot. The small guns from this ship were fired into the area were the Dutch were taking cove r, and pebbles were thr birth up which made them retreat. This source gives the overall impression that the Dutch made a strong attack, but were boldly answered by the English. The reliability of this source, however, is questionable, as it was written by an English man, who is bound to be biased towards his own country. Also, he was watching form Harwich, which is roughly two miles from Felixstowe. Q2. Source F does not support source B. Source B says that the Dutch ships were so boney to Landguard Fort that we expect fire to be given at any moment. Source F says that the ships were so far away from the fort that their shots would scarcely reach (the fort). The Dutch... ...re casualties. This also could have been linked to De Ruyters reluctance to commit large forces to attack. It is likely he did not want to risk any spare victims, especially when he was aware of the task facing him. Also, while this attack was happening, peace negotiations were bei ng held in Breda. After the Dutch victory in the Medway, they had the speed hand in negotiating a deal. De Ruyter would have wanted to avoid a disaster at Landguard that could have changed the balance of power in the negotiations. This victory was not essential, but keeping his fleet together and in control of the English Channel was. Overall, I think that the Dutch attack was not committed enough, but this was planned by De Ruyter, He knew the strength of the English fort, and did not want to risk any unnecessary casualties.

Feminism Essay -- essays research papers

FeminismFeminism is the belief that women should have economic political and social equality with men. This term also refers to a political movement that track downs to gain equality within a manful and female relationship. In a male and female relationship both the roles of the male and female should be equal. Equal in many ways ten one they should trust each other, office responsibilities, listen to one another, respect each other, and of course love one another equally. This type of relationship is not found now a geezerhood because of the many traditions which imply that women are inferior to men. They also imply that women should stay home all day watching soap operas, taking care of the children, and fashioning the food for their tired husbands coming home from a long day of work. Many cultures envisage this is how a family should be. In other cultures the woman is thought to be so inferior to the man that the woman can not even go outside of the house without having he r face covered with some type of fabric so another man (other then the husband) will be able to see the womans beautiful face.Some people were brought up to think that the woman is inferior to the man whether it be from the traditions in the culture to the many sitcoms people watch everyday or even years ago. Some of these linguistic rule sitcoms show the wife watching TV and eating junk food all day and when the husband comes home from a hard day of work and the wife nags the husbands ear off (Married With Children). Even tho...