Relationships with external care providers Essay Example for Free

Relationships with external care providers Essay Cultivating and nurturing relationships with outside care providers and researchers who are involved in a church’s social programs is easy to forget; it can fall by the wayside as a busy pastor tries to juggle many balls, and it is easy to delegate these programs to willing volunteers or outside help. However, study after study has emphasized the importance of pastoral involvement in social programs as a factor for their success. The congregation trusts the pastor implicitly: they trust his judgment and will follow his lead. A pastor who remains interested and enthusiastic about social programs, with as much active involvement as his time allows, will produce a congregation which is interested in and enthusiastic about its church’s social programs, willing to support them and utilize them if they are in need. The pastor can also help ensure success of a social program administered by outsiders by helping the outsiders to understand the cultural norms, traditions and history of the church. This is particularly important in a church where there are significant mental health programs in place; maintaining ties to the formal care system , and gaining the knowledge required to pre-screen congregants and help provide referrals to formal care services when required. CONCLUSION The Black church has developed a unique tradition of holistic care for its congregants. In an atmosphere of slavery, oppression, inequality and uneven or nonexistent access to formal services, the extended family and the care services provided by the church has been invaluable in preserving the physical and mental health of African-Americans. Today, this tradition continues with formalized social programs as well as informal care networks; areas such as community health care, mental health, youth services, and economic and literacy initiatives as well as traditional pastoral care continue to provide an essential resource to congregants who are still underserved and suffer disproportionately from social ills. In order to ensure that the congregants of his church have the best chance at health and secular success as well as spiritual well-being, the pastor of the Black church must determine the best social programs to emphasize, and facilitate the implementation of these programs to the best of his ability. REFERENCES Adkinson-Bradley, Carla, Johnson, Darrell, Sanders, JoAnn, Duncan, Lonnie, Holcomb- McCoy, Cheryl. â€Å"Forging a Collaborative Relationship Between the Black Church and the Counseling Profession. † Counseling and Values 49 (January 2005):147-154. Blank, Michael, Mahmood, Marcus, Fox, Jeanne, Guterbock, Thomas. â€Å"Alternative Mental Health Services: The Role of the Black Church in the South. † American Journal of Public Health. 92. 10 (October 2002): 1668-1672. Borg, Walter R. Educational Research. New York: David McKay Co. , 1963 Drake, St. Clair and Cayton, Horace. Black Metropolis: A Study of the Negro life in a Northern City. New York: Hartcourt, Brace World, 1970 Ferguson, Everett. â€Å"Factors leading to the selection and closure of the New Testament Canon Debate. †. in The Canon Debate. Eds. L. M. McDonald J. A. Sanders. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. Ferman, Gerald S. , and Jack Levin. Social Science Research a Handbook for Students. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1975. Isaac, Stephen. , and William B. Michael. Handbook in Research Evaluation. 2d Ed. San Diego, CA: Robert R. Knapp, 1988 Lewin, Kurt, â€Å"Action Research in Minority Problems,† Journal of Social Issues. 2, no. 4. 1948. Markens, Susan, Fox, Sarah A. , Taub, Bonnie, Gilbert, Mary Lou. â€Å"Role of Black Churches in Health Promotion Programs: Lessons from the Los Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program. † May, 2002. 92(5):805-810. Miller, Kelly. Radicals and Conservatives and other essays on the Negro in AmericaNew York:Schocken Books, 1968.

Age of Revolutions Essay Example for Free

Age of Revolutions Essay The age of revoltion was a historical time frame that took place between 1775 to 1848 which encompassed numerous social, cultural and political shifts that harboured significant implications on the growth of the development of the novel as a genre. Through the social mechanics of increased living standards, the creation of the middle class, elevated literacy levels and wider book distribution and publication, the novel genre saw indespensible changes which have persisted throughout time. Prior to the age of revolution, novels were written and centered upon themes pertaining to, imagination, philosophy, realism which coincided with what peoples interest were. Throughout the 18th century with the works of Rousseau’s, Laclos, Goethe and Shelley, novels began to adopt a epistolary structure, which garnered wide spread popularity. Previously, chapters of stories were written in newspapers and letters and produced daily. With the emergence of the epistolary form, a greater realism and depth was added towards stories through the differing points of view that would be explored through first person character perspective. Thus, chapters that used to be produced daily were then transformed into books. Moreover the novels pertained interest in middle class values, shared a distinct correlation with the growth of the middle class during the 18th century. Within the industrial revolution of the eighteenth century, the invention of the printing press further diminished the status quo of the medieval age. With the ascension of the enlightment ideals, the greater public were exposed to a greater range of accessible information, relative to the medieval period where, people were required to contact copyist, so the individual could have access to the book. This era hindered the promulgation of enlightenment ideals, such that the hoi polloi (masses) were denied proper access to sources of knowledge and wisdom. This can be seen through the burgeoning of printed items produced from, 1740 to 1800 with 2000 increasing to 6500 printed items. Additonally from the 1700 to 1750, there was a 60% literacy increase for men, and a corresponding 40% for women. The French revolution, which involved social and political revolutionary characteristics, influenced the development of the novel as a genre by providing a means from which the status quo could be replaced and new ideals, cultural values, habits and customs could be permeated throughout the masses. French authors were subtle and played no part in the French public domain prior to the revolution. However authors such as, Stà ©phanie-Fà ©licità © Ducrest de Genlis used the novel genre to dispel ideas for the public benefit and to create the foundation from which the people would re shape the institutional and societal barriers of France. Through the novel genre, the discontent that authors and literalists had with politics and engrained traditions and their opposition to social rules and conventions was expressed. The writers of the revolution predicated their compositions on the necessity of liberation. This was propagated throughout the third estate, consisting of peasants and low wage workers, with most of their money being paid to the king and the first estate and the control of the church, engendering the rejection of the monarch and the prohibition of the church. By the end of the decade, approximately thirty thousand priests had been forced to leave France, and others who did not leave were executed. The formation of the middle class was precipitated by individuals, understanding and valueing the men and women that worked for them, as well as the importance of raising living standards, so that employees could generate consumption towards household items as well as books. Such visionaries as, Rockefeller, Carnegie and Ford laid the foundation upon which the middle class was expanded. Providing, heightened wages and employment benefits, the middle class were able to experience a newly found leisure time from which they could participate in recreational activities. In conjunction with the social change that was triggered, the middle class argued for better treatment, and the economy prices fell, inducing more household income. The dissemination of a new mantra and class, augmented the social importance of having an education, which involved reading and understanding books. Taking into account these various factors, the novel as a genre, simultaneously grew and developed in what has become the primary genre of contemporary books. These social, economic and political changes, treated separately were not enough to induce, the development of the novel. Rather it was the presence of circumstances and factors together that inundated the transition of the novel, illuminating its purpose as a social tool as well as a recreational utility.

Retained Facial Foreign Body Following Trauma in a Child

Retained Facial Foreign Body Following Trauma in a Child Abstract: Traumatic injuries in orofacial region often drive foreign bodies in the soft tissues. They are secondary to penetrating or abrasive trauma resulting in bleeding and deep wound. The foreign body may sometimes remain unnoticed. This case report is of a 32 month old male patient who reported to the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive dentistry with complain of thorn prick injury on right side of the face. On palpation, linear mass on the right cheek region measuring about 3-4 cm in length with small eruption on skin suggestive of healed opening was evaluated. Soft tissue ultrasonography (USG) was advised along with blood investigation. Soft tissue USG did not disclose any foreign body. Blood investigation was normal. Surgical exploration revealed a thorn measuring 17mm in size. The wound was debrided and sutures placed at the site of incision. The 6-month clinical follow-up revealed uneventful soft issue healing. Early and definite diagnosis correlating clinical and radiologic exa mination is important for conservative management of such lesion thus eliminating potential risk of developing larger infection. Key-words: Paediatric trauma, soft tissue injuries, maxillofacial injuries Introduction Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide.1Soft tissue injuries are more common than fractures in children who have sustained facial trauma, particularly in younger children whose facial skeletons are resistant to fracture.2However, in comparison with adults, maxillofacial fractures in children are relatively uncommon due to physiological and environmental factors.3-4According to NÃ ¸rholt et al.5, fractures of the pediatric maxillofacial skeleton are rare due to the resiliency of their bones, the relatively small size of their body in proportion to the head and the comparatively protected lifestyle of children. During initial assessment of any facial injury, it is important to review the mechanism and time of injury and determine whether it was witnessed. Knowing what caused the injury will be valuable during later exploration and debridement of wounds and the prediction of subsequent wound healing.Every effort should be made to cleanse the wound and remove all foreign material; this may have to be done in the operating room under anesthesia. These retained foreign bodies which are often missed at initial evaluation result in inflammation, pus discharge, and toxicity and delayed healing of wounds. Case description A 32 months old malepatient reported to the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Surgery, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepalwith complaint of thorn prick injury on the right side of. (Figure1). The patient had fallen from a tree and was injuredtwo months back. No treatment was sought for the condition at the time of trauma. Medical history was not significant. On examination, a palpable linear mass on the right cheek region measuring about 3-4 cm in length with small eruption on skin suggestive of healed opening was evaluated. The mass was movable upon palpation in all directions. There was no pain or tenderness upon palpation. There was no history of fever and pus discharge. Soft tissue ultrasonography (USG) was advised along with blood investigation. Soft tissue USG did not disclose any foreign body. Blood investigation was normal. On the basis of clinical findings, a surgical exploration was planned under local anesthesia to remove the foreign body. Intra-dermal local anesthesia (Lignocaine hydrochloride 2%, adrenaline 1:200000) was administered. A small incision was given at the most fluctuant point of the scar with the help of a B.P blade. The lesion was explored with curved artery forceps and a wooden piece which was curved at one end and pointed at the other end and measuring 17mm was removed. (Figure2). The lesion was cleansed and irrigated with Betadine (Povidone-Iodine) solution and saline. A 3-0 silk suture was placed at the site of incision (Figure 3). The patient was prescribed with antibiotic and analgesic and was recalled after one week for suture removal.The patient was followed up till 6 months and the healing was uneventful (Figure 4) Discussion Soft tissue injuries, whether isolated or in combination with other injuries, are among the most common traumatic craniofacial injuries encountered by emergency department personnel and plastic surgeons. These injuries account for nearly 10% of all emergency department visits.6, 7, 8 Unintentional injury, defined as every disability occurring under accidental circumstances, is a significant health problem in children in the general practice, accounting for 9% of all new health problems in children.9Divided into three overlapping aesthetic subunits (infraorbital, preauricular, and buccomandibular), the cheeks are by surface area the largest subunit of the face. This size correlates with both a high frequency of injury to the cheek and underlying structures as well as a multitude of approaches that can be used for posttraumatic reconstruction.10 Foreign bodies can penetrate soft tissues through open wounds and laceration sustained during trauma or by direct impact against them. Such wounds harboring foreign bodies may appear to be deceptively minor and may not be accompanied by any major symptoms. But if these foreign bodies are left undetected in the tissues they can result in serious consequence days, months or years after initial trauma.11 Penetrating retained wooden bodies acts as foreign body, usually dirty and carry many microorganisms.12Because of their porous consistency and organic nature, provide a good medium for the growth of the microbial agents. Infection resulting from the retained wooden body may lead to complications such as abscess and fistula formation13.The case presented in this report also had a retained wooden foreign body for a period of two months but the patient did not develop any complications as such except presence of a linear scar on the cheek. The foreign body removal can be delayed in approximately one third of all foreign bodies, because they are initially radiologically missed or misdiagnosed.14Occasionally, foreign bodies can be retained for some time causing persistent and distressing symptoms.15It is often difficult to remove foreign bodies in the head and neck because they are usually near vital structures, or the difficult access.16The careful assessment is required for the identification and location of the retained foreign body, which is essential for the surgical removal.17 Early diagnosis and definitive treatment as well as good postoperative wound care are important when dealing with soft tissue injuries. Since the initial assessment of these patients may involve a Dentists, a properknowledge of the diagnosis and management of soft tissue trauma is necessary.

The Conservative Party Essays -- Papers

The Conservative Party The Conservative Party stands for patriotism, having respect and pride for the country we live in, keeping the United Kingdom as a 'union', and putting Britain's interests first. Tories also have a respect for British traditions and values, such as a respect for the Monarchy and the Church of England. However they think pragmatically, they are willing to change but they are suspicious of change, especially dramatic change, thus they prefer evolution to revolution. Also, the Conservatives stand for having a strong but limited, Government, meaning they feel that the Government should be powerful, but they should also intervene with people's lives less. This is done by taxing people less, allowing them to have more of their own money to spend on what they want. The Tories prefer to tax people indirectly, by means of value added tax (VAT) for example. This ties in with another Conservative belief, that people should have freedom of choice so long as it is within reason of the law. Following on from this, the Conservative Party stands for strict law and order, by insisting that people should abide by the law, and that those who don't shall receive longer and tougher sentences/punishments. Furthermore, the Tories stand for meritocracy, a belief that those who work harder and are more able should be rewarded for doing so. This can be linked with their belief in a respect for authority, that people who work hard to get into places of authority deserve respect. Finally, the Conservatives stand for preserving traditional family values, believing that close family units are vital for stability, and ... ...arget of votes, therefore retaining the position of Prime Minister, it showed that many people in the Government opposed Major, damaging his reputation. The final factor that caused Conservatives devastating defeat in 1997 is that Tony Blair, the 'new' labour party leader Tony Blair appeared to be firm and strong, while and the same time the Conservatives were further dogged by sleaze stories. Also, after calling a general election, Major refused to show the 'Faust' video as part of the Conservative campaign, which showed Blair making false promises, and he opted to talk about his policies rather than making personal attacks on Blair as advised. Because of all these problems that Major faced, as well as a hugely successful 'new' labour campaigned led by Tony Blair, the Conservatives suffered a landslide defeat.

Mental Illness Essay -- essays research papers

Unfortunately there are people who are born less fortunate than other's. Some are slower than others, and there are some who pick up. Sadly some are made fun of because of the condition. This is when mental retardation comes into place. In my report I will be talking about mental retardation and the different kids of mental illnesses. Mental retardation is often thought of a disease ( Mental retardation 1 ). Disease would be the wrong term. Mental retardation is a term for wide range or conditions ( Mental retardation 1 ). The meaning of mental retardation depends on what society demands of the individual in learning skills, and social responsibility ( Mental retardation 1 ). Mental retardation is most often appeared in children under the age of 18 ( Mental retardation ). A person is considered mentally retarded if they have an intellectual functioning level below average and significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas ( Mental retardation 1 ). The IQ score for mental retardation is below 70-75. Mental retardation occurs in 2.5-3% of the general population, and about 6-7.5 million mentally retarded individuals live in the United States alone ( Mental retardation 1 ). Mentally retarded children learn to walk and talk much later than the general population ( Mental retardation 1 ). The symptoms may appear at birth or later in childhood ( Mental retardation 1 ). About 85% of the mentally retarded population is in the mildly retarded category, their IQ score ranges to 50-75, they often can reach up to a 6th grade level ( Mental retardation 2 ). They can live independently with community and social support ( Mental retardation 2 ). About 10% of the mentally retarded population is considered moderately retarded, with the IQ scores that range from 35-55, they also carry communication skills as a child, they function okay, but need to be with the community in a supervised environment such as a group home ( Mental retardation 2 ). Also about 3-4% of the mentally retarded population is severely retardation with IQ scores of 20-25. They may be able to develop self-care and communication skills with the support and training, and they need a high level of supervision ( Mental retardation 2 ). People who are mentally retarded often live with family or members of the family. People ... ...ips Retardation November 20,1999. April 4, 2001 http://www.galenet.com/servlet/SRCHealth/ "Gentics." Worlf of Health. Gale Group, 2001. Reproduced in Student Ressource Center--Health Module. Farmington Hills, Mich.. Gale Group 2000. Http://www.galenet.com/servlet/SRCHealth/ Gravitz, Herber. "Psychology Today" The Binds That Tie And Heal: How Families Cope With Mental Illness March 2001. March 2001. April 4 2001 Http://www.galnet.com/servlet/SRCHealth/ Keigher, Sharon. "Health and Social Work " Emerging issues In Mental Retardation. August 2000. April 4, 2001 http://www.galnet.com/Servlet/SRCHealth/ Bowker, L " Deling with Offenders Who Are Mentally Retarded ." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 1994 July : Sirs Researcher. Madera High School Lib., Madera, Ca. 4 Apr.2001 http://researcher.sirs.com. "Mental health." Gale Group 2000. Reproduced in Student Center--Health Module. Farmigton Hills, Mich..Gale Group 2000 http://www.galenet.com/Servlet/SRCHealth/ "Mental Retardation." World of Health. Gale Group, 2000. Reproduced in Student Resource Center--Health Module. Farmington Hills, Mich..Gale Group 2000.

Origins of World War II :: World War II History

Origins of World War II World War II was much more than battles, statistics, politics, and opinions. The things that contributed to its beginning, what happened during the war, and the effects of the war are still being debated and discussed. Patrick Finney assembles some of the best writings for a number of subjects relating to World War II. First the reader is introduced to the basic views, where they originated, and why they are still discussed today. The truth is, even fifty years after the end of the war, it is still very much part of our lives. Finney's first collection of readings are written on the subject of what contributes to the war. Two of the authors have very different opinions on Chamberlain, and they focus on his actions preluding the war. There is also an writing describing the French during this period, and finally there are two authors whom debate about the state of Germany at this time. After the conditions of Great Britian, France, and Germany have been addressed, Finney explains the goals, economics, strategies, and policies of the countries that contributed to the breakout of war. The last section addresses the topics of the Spanish Civil War and its effects on World War II, what happened at Munich and how it effected Hitler in the long run, the strategies and policies regarding a German attack on Poland, and finally the major points of the war and the post-war effects. The selection of essays and writings were excellent for supporting the theme Finney was aspiring to fulfill. His goal in writing was to represent the major powers World War II and keep the attention balanced between all of the involved countries. The credibility of the writers involved in this book appeared to be very good. Simply by listing their credentials in Finney's commentaries, one can assume that they are respectable. Most of the authors have written extensively on the topic that Finney publishes in his book, therefore you know that they researched more than what was written in Finney's book. Since most of Finney's commentary consisted of interpretations and explanations of the readings that would follow, there was not a great deal of facts to be misrepresented by Finney himself. The commentaries were a excellent was to start off the readings. Finney provided an understanding of what the writer was going to say, not only in support of what they were going to say, but also provided some comments on opposing opinions.

Principles Fundamentals Of Marketing Essay

Evolution of the concept of modern marketing The concept of marketing has been present for centuries. However, the concept of modern marketing was established in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first concept of modern marketing was based on the idea to sell whatever was being produced with no direct relation to what customer required. There were three assumption on which the concept was based: presence of a ready market to absorb whatever was produced, lower production cost to increase profits and just having very few basic product varieties. This was known as marketing done through product orientation and lasted from 1869 to1930 (Stone, 2001, p. 11). The above concept of marketing meant mass-product of products at low costs, which meant surplus of unsold goods, which led to the failure of the theory. Supply had outstripped demand and there was competition among competitors. Hence, at this stage, the demand needed to be tailored to the supply and also the customers needed to be persuaded that their product was better than the competitors. This was the phase when marketing was done via sales orientation and lasted from 1930-1960 (Stone, 2001, p. 11). Many of the sales tactics employed by sales people were dubious and in some cases totally dishonest. This led to customers getting put off by the tactics and led to huge losses for companies. At this stage the companies started recognizing customers as kings and the products started being tailor made for the customers, with much variety. Market segmentation too began at this stage to differentiate between product varieties. A lot of emphasis was put on innovative selling, social responsibility among companies. This is the marketing oriented concept and started from 1960 till the late 1990 (Applbaum, 2004, p. 203). While the concept still works, rapid globalization starting in the 1990s has ensured that the market size cannot be increased beyond a certain stage, and hence many of the companies have started looking at creating demand and satisfying them. This is the latest trend along with the marketing concept and the future belongs to controlling markets by creation of demand among potential customers (Applbaum, 2004, p. 203). Identification of markets The process of marketing commences with the identification of possible markets for the product, and culminates when the customers are satisfied with the products and services provided by the company. The whole idea behind identification of target markets is to find groups of people who consider that purchasing goods or services from the company would bring them benefit or value. Identification of market involves market segmentation, which is to find groups of people with similar wants and needs, so that products can be designed tailoring to the needs of these segments. The segments can be distributed based on gender, age, family size, geographical distribution etc. Target markets should be clearly identifiable and should consist of people who are able to buy the products if they are happy with the idea of possessing it (Weitz, Wensley, 2002, p. 3). Design of products to meet wants & needs Any marketing oriented company views customers as rational human beings having needs that apply universally to all human beings, and wants that consists of values that are rationally optional i.e. their tastes and preferences are logical and necessary for them, but not necessary to all the other human beings. A marketing oriented company then identifies the requirements of customers and designs its products suiting to the needs and wants of the people. In many cases the customers themselves are not aware of these requirements, the company designs a products and then markets them highlighting the requirements their product would fulfill thus creating a demand. Companies require the identification of needs and wants, to identify target markets, perform correct market segmentation, customize the products and sell it to people (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 110). Pricing strategies Pricing is perhaps one of the most important decisions taken by marketing mix elements. This part of the marketing strategy decides organization’s profits, revenues and also to a very large extent competitiveness. Pricing strategies must be consistent with the organization’s marketing objectives and can result in prices that are high, low or neutral as compared to the competitors’ prices. Many companies use a range of pricing strategies which reflects the differences in the product portfolio, and are aimed to generate profits as well as satisfy the customers. Usually pricing of a new product in the market is complex, because everything is based on perceived values for the customers, and the estimates are mostly speculative (Cooper, Argyris, 1998, p. 506) Distribution structures & systems, promotional activities Distribution system ensures that the products reach the end customers with unnecessary delay. Efficient distribution system is directly related to the performance of a company in the market. Distribution channel consists of a combination of institutions through which a seller markets its product to the ultimate customer. Not all companies however have distribution channels, a classic example of which is Dell. However, majority of the large company consider distribution channels as efficient means to transfer the goods to the customers. Following are the elements of major marketing intermediaries or the components of a distribution channel: Middlemen and merchant middlemen, agents, wholesales, retailers, brokers, manufacturers agents and distributors (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 157). While distribution channels facilitate the product reach to the customers, the promotional activities are done to make sure that the customer is aware of the product’s existence in the market. In the present times, this activity is very important due to the multiple sellers available for each product. Many of the company put up promotional offers to make the customers try out their products. Advertising is one of the most important type of promotional activity. In addition to this, many companies also tie up with existing facilities and sponsorship events to promote their products and services (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 132). The evaluation of the marketing effort The evaluation aspect of marketing management involves making carefully judged objectives and media selection and measuring results against pre-determined goals. This activity is important because advertising, promotion and distribution channels are the costs which the company incurs at the time of marketing a product, and the efficiency of the methods would help in determining the effectiveness of these links of marketing management. This process is done through marketing research where the performance of the overall marketing systems is evaluated. It can be done by a third party or by organizing polls by the company or even by calling customers to ask their opinions (Varey, 2002, p. 316) Marketing problem identification Marketing problem identification is the first and foremost step of the marketing research process. The necessity of identification of a problem is very important. Unnecessary broadening or narrowing the scope of marketing problem leads to a waste of efforts and money spent. There must be consensus between the marketing managers and researchers about the specific nature of the problem (Majumdar, 1991, p. 11) Sources of secondary data Secondary data is defined as the data collected earlier for a purpose other than the one currently being pursued. In fact by definition any data, which is available prior to the commencement of marketing research, is secondary data. The key advantage of such data is the low cost and less time required for obtaining the data. It can also give insights to a situation, which may be exploited at a later stage. Care should however be taken to ensure that the data is not obsolete with reference to the problem being studied, and is also relevant (Majumdar, 1991, p. 42) One of the most important sources of secondary data are the government reports. In addition there are many research companies like A.C. Neilson and Co., Arbitron Co. IMS International, and Information Resources International who provide such data. Finally trade groups such as American Medical Association, National Association of Retail Dealers of America, or business publication like Million-dollar Directory and the Encyclopedia of Associations also provide useful secondary data that can be used by companies (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 132). Sampling The sampling process consists of determining the target population on which the research is to be done related to the marketing problem. This target population would determine which elements should be present or not present in the research. Sampling unit is used as a basic unit to select elements from a target population. The next step is to select the sampling frame, which represents the samples from the target population. The perfect sampling frame is one in which every element of the target population is represented only once, and no elements are excluded or repeated. After this comes the sampling techniques which can be of many types like probability and non-probability sampling techniques, single unit and cluster sampling, un-stratified and stratified sampling, equal unit probability and unequal probability sampling, and single stage and multi stage sampling methods. Next step after this is selecting the sample size, which is an important criterion defining the accuracy of the research, but is always constrained by availability of target population and budget for research. This should be balanced to get the most accurate results within a target population. Finally the sampling process is executed by starting out to collect data from the target population (Cant, p.94) Experimentation In experimental research, the researcher manipulates an independent variable and measures its effect. This is done so as to understand the importance of a particular parameter on the target population, which serves to better understand the needs of the population. Experimentation is also used when the relation between variables is required to be measured. Many issues need to be researched while conducting an experimental research like setting up the environment, selection and measurement of dependent variable, the selection and assignment of test units, and control over extraneous and other variables (Cant, 2002, p.94) Data collection, analysis & report presentation After the data is taken from primary or secondary resources, it needs to be collected. The collection process is qualitative or quantitative in nature based on the type of information required. The data collected is analyzed using various techniques, which differ, from the type of source of data being used: primary or secondary. At the end a research report is prepared.   The report should contain the detailed information research process, which was used while conducting the study. The research report should also consist of the reason for the research to take place, give a brief problem statement and define primary and secondary objectives of research. In addition, the report should have the sources of information clearly mentioned. The next part of the report is where the researchers mention their finding, clearly defining the limitations and assumptions taken while conducting the data. The researchers many times include comprehensive tables and graphs to illustrate their findings. Finally based on the data and analysis the research the report gives conclusions and recommendations about the finding and many times also give the possible solutions of the problem. At the time of presentation an oral explanation is always preferred where the concerned parties can discuss and debate about the various finding and conclusions (Cant, 2002, p. 52).                                                                                                                                                 References Applbaum K, (2004), â€Å"The Marketing Era: From Professional Practice to Global   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Provisioning†, Roultedge, Published: New York Cant MN (2002), â€Å"Marketing Research†, New Africa Books, Published: South Africa Cooper CL, Argyris C, (1998), â€Å"The Concise Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management†, Blackwell Publishing. Majumdar R, (1991), â€Å"Marketing Management: Text Applications and Case Studies†, New Age Publishers, Published: New Delhi Peter JP, Donnelley JH, (2002), â€Å"A Preface to Marketing Management†, McGraw-Hill Professional, Published: New York Stone P, (2001), â€Å"Make Marketing Work for You: Boost Your Profits With Proven Marketing Techniques†, How to Books Ltd, Published: Oxford Varey RJ, (2002), â€Å"Marketing Communication: Principles and Practice†, Roultedge, Published: New York Weitz BA, Wensley R, (2002), â€Å"Handbook of Marketing†, SAGE, Published: California